Details for: GALR2

Gene ID: 8811

Symbol: GALR2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000182687

Description: galanin receptor 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 13.8866
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1600
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 8.2399
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0900
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 3.0904
    Cell Significance Index: 98.9800
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 2.0140
    Cell Significance Index: 30.3500
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 1.7519
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1600
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 0.8070
    Cell Significance Index: 11.0100
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: 0.7870
    Cell Significance Index: 9.7400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of esophagus (CL0002252)
    Fold Change: 0.6267
    Cell Significance Index: 4.1600
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.4899
    Cell Significance Index: 29.4100
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: 0.4347
    Cell Significance Index: 6.2300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.4236
    Cell Significance Index: 68.9000
  • Cell Name: DN3 thymocyte (CL0000807)
    Fold Change: 0.3261
    Cell Significance Index: 3.2700
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.2960
    Cell Significance Index: 6.3100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of nephron (CL1000449)
    Fold Change: 0.2153
    Cell Significance Index: 1.8300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.1926
    Cell Significance Index: 36.6500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 0.1784
    Cell Significance Index: 2.9400
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: 0.1430
    Cell Significance Index: 2.9100
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.1379
    Cell Significance Index: 75.3000
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: 0.0952
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3600
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 0.0801
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0580
    Cell Significance Index: 1.6700
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: 0.0560
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8500
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.0465
    Cell Significance Index: 5.0600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of uterus (CL0002149)
    Fold Change: 0.0324
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0136
    Cell Significance Index: 1.5800
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.0105
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: 0.0061
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2300
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2700
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: 0.0003
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0900
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.0013
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1000
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0019
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6700
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0020
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0900
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0026
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6300
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0030
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1800
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4800
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0034
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0700
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0045
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5500
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0047
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6000
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.0048
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2500
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0069
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2500
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: -0.0071
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0102
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1400
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: -0.0111
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0131
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2500
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.0134
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0135
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0152
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7400
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0162
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9100
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0166
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7000
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0168
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4500
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.0183
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: -0.0195
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0202
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0205
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6500
  • Cell Name: basophil (CL0000767)
    Fold Change: -0.0206
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0249
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4000
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000038)
    Fold Change: -0.0271
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.0302
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4300
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.0315
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5300
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0325
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0000
  • Cell Name: ependymal cell (CL0000065)
    Fold Change: -0.0339
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.0339
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0344
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2100
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0368
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.0382
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8500
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.0390
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4400
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: -0.0422
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.0428
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0448
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.0454
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0600
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0480
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5700
  • Cell Name: retina horizontal cell (CL0000745)
    Fold Change: -0.0494
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.0515
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6400
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: -0.0559
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7600
  • Cell Name: myoepithelial cell (CL0000185)
    Fold Change: -0.0573
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6500
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.0581
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0587
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7600
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: -0.0592
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.0661
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6500
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle myoblast (CL0000515)
    Fold Change: -0.0662
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7200
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.0670
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6700
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.0673
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6800
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.0675
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1300
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: -0.0677
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.0680
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4900
  • Cell Name: cytotoxic T cell (CL0000910)
    Fold Change: -0.0714
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0400
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.0715
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8800
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0730
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9500
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.0759
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6100
  • Cell Name: osteoblast (CL0000062)
    Fold Change: -0.0773
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7500
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.0776
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2800
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.0804
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5900
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: -0.0804
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.0810
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7500
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.0818
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0900
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.0840
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1400
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.0842
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6800
  • Cell Name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023036)
    Fold Change: -0.0843
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7600

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** GALR2 is a member of the class A/1 rhodopsin-like receptors, which are characterized by their seven transmembrane alpha-helices and their ability to activate G proteins. GALR2 is specifically expressed in various tissues, including the brain, gut, and blood vessels, and is involved in regulating a range of physiological processes. Notably, GALR2 is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, where it is thought to play a role in modulating GABAergic signaling and neuronal excitability. **Pathways and Functions:** GALR2 is involved in several signaling pathways, including: 1. **Adenylate cyclase-activating GPCR signaling pathway**: GALR2 activates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in cAMP levels, which in turn modulates various downstream processes, including neuronal excitability and gut motility. 2. **G alpha (i) signaling events**: GALR2 activates G alpha (i) proteins, which inhibit adenylate cyclase and reduce cAMP levels, leading to a decrease in neuronal excitability and relaxation of smooth muscle cells. 3. **Neuropeptide signaling pathway**: GALR2 is involved in regulating neuropeptide signaling, including the regulation of feeding behavior, learning, and memory. GALR2 also interacts with various downstream effectors, including: 1. **Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels**: GALR2 activates these channels, leading to a decrease in neuronal excitability and relaxation of smooth muscle cells. 2. **Transcription factors**: GALR2 regulates the activity of transcription factors, including RNA polymerase II, which modulates gene expression. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of the galanin signaling pathway, including GALR2, has been implicated in various neurological and gastrointestinal disorders, including: 1. **Neurological disorders**: GALR2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where it is thought to play a role in regulating neuronal excitability and survival. 2. **Gastrointestinal disorders**: GALR2 is involved in regulating gut motility and feeding behavior, and its dysregulation has been implicated in gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In conclusion, GALR2 is a critical component of the galanin signaling pathway, which plays a significant role in modulating neuronal function, gut motility, and feeding behavior. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of GALR2 in various physiological and pathological processes, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of related disorders.

Genular Protein ID: 408781582

Symbol: GALR2_HUMAN

Name: Galanin receptor type 2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

O43603 A5JUU4 Q32MN8

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEMBL 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 11 EMDB 4 Ensembl 1 GO 21 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 GuidetoPHARMACOLOGY 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 4 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 4 PDBsum 4 PIR 1 PRINTS 3 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniProtKB 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9480833

Title: Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2.

PubMed ID: 9480833

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133

PubMed ID: 9880084

Title: Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor.

PubMed ID: 9880084

DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00133-8

PubMed ID: 9685625

Title: Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor.

PubMed ID: 9685625

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00116-8

PubMed ID: 9832121

Title: Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3.

PubMed ID: 9832121

DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71062239.x

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 24517231

Title: Coevolution of the spexin/galanin/kisspeptin family: Spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III.

PubMed ID: 24517231

DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2106

PubMed ID: 25691535

Title: Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy.

PubMed ID: 25691535

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv060

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 387
  • Mass: 41700
  • Checksum: C2D2FCB93E53C47E
  • Sequence:
    • MNVSGCPGAG NASQAGGGGG WHPEAVIVPL LFALIFLVGT VGNTLVLAVL LRGGQAVSTT 
NLFILNLGVA DLCFILCCVP FQATIYTLDG WVFGSLLCKA VHFLIFLTMH ASSFTLAAVS 
LDRYLAIRYP LHSRELRTPR NALAAIGLIW GLSLLFSGPY LSYYRQSQLA NLTVCHPAWS 
APRRRAMDIC TFVFSYLLPV LVLGLTYART LRYLWRAVDP VAAGSGARRA KRKVTRMILI 
VAALFCLCWM PHHALILCVW FGQFPLTRAT YALRILSHLV SYANSCVNPI VYALVSKHFR 
KGFRTICAGL LGRAPGRASG RVCAAARGTH SGSVLERESS DLLHMSEAAG ALRPCPGASQ 
PCILEPCPGP SWQGPKAGDS ILTVDVA

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.