Details for: GAD2

Gene ID: 2572

Symbol: GAD2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000136750

Description: glutamate decarboxylase 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 10.8045
    Cell Significance Index: 184.6900
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: 4.6976
    Cell Significance Index: 112.6600
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 3.6428
    Cell Significance Index: 161.1300
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 3.2305
    Cell Significance Index: 122.3300
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 2.8303
    Cell Significance Index: 173.9700
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: 2.7438
    Cell Significance Index: 168.2200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal interneuron (CL1001569)
    Fold Change: 2.6919
    Cell Significance Index: 34.9100
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 2.0598
    Cell Significance Index: 738.8000
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 2.0470
    Cell Significance Index: 1415.7800
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: 1.3000
    Cell Significance Index: 28.4700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.7577
    Cell Significance Index: 144.1900
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.4366
    Cell Significance Index: 43.1900
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.4271
    Cell Significance Index: 385.6500
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 0.4057
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 0.3829
    Cell Significance Index: 6.3100
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: 0.2829
    Cell Significance Index: 2.8500
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: 0.2493
    Cell Significance Index: 4.9300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.1836
    Cell Significance Index: 29.8600
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 0.1095
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: 0.0567
    Cell Significance Index: 6.4700
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: 0.0419
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8900
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: 0.0259
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5200
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.0251
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7300
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.0180
    Cell Significance Index: 3.6100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: 0.0155
    Cell Significance Index: 3.2600
  • Cell Name: inhibitory interneuron (CL0000498)
    Fold Change: 0.0125
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: 0.0087
    Cell Significance Index: 6.4200
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: 0.0048
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0041
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5700
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0081
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5600
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0090
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0102
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0104
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0107
    Cell Significance Index: -20.1800
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0108
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0119
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: -0.0132
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2000
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.0136
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2000
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0141
    Cell Significance Index: -19.1300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.0215
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0297
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5600
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.0376
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0411
    Cell Significance Index: -26.1200
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0446
    Cell Significance Index: -24.3800
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.0465
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0100
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0542
    Cell Significance Index: -24.6100
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: -0.0711
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0741
    Cell Significance Index: -21.3100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: -0.1077
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.1089
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3600
  • Cell Name: mesothelial cell of epicardium (CL0011019)
    Fold Change: -0.1202
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.1330
    Cell Significance Index: -6.0300
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.1397
    Cell Significance Index: -27.7200
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.1424
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3500
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.1494
    Cell Significance Index: -26.9300
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: -0.1565
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8200
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: -0.1637
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0300
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: -0.1670
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2900
  • Cell Name: professional antigen presenting cell (CL0000145)
    Fold Change: -0.1672
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5100
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1720
    Cell Significance Index: -25.0100
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.1781
    Cell Significance Index: -24.4600
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: -0.1785
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1864
    Cell Significance Index: -21.3600
  • Cell Name: interneuron (CL0000099)
    Fold Change: -0.2029
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3700
  • Cell Name: lung perichondrial fibroblast (CL4033026)
    Fold Change: -0.2224
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.2226
    Cell Significance Index: -27.3800
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.2437
    Cell Significance Index: -25.3700
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.2743
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4700
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: -0.2833
    Cell Significance Index: -17.0100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.3159
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1200
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.3404
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.3543
    Cell Significance Index: -27.1900
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.3653
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.3917
    Cell Significance Index: -21.9800
  • Cell Name: epidermal cell (CL0000362)
    Fold Change: -0.3948
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8900
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.4000
    Cell Significance Index: -26.9000
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.4131
    Cell Significance Index: -19.2600
  • Cell Name: sebaceous gland cell (CL2000021)
    Fold Change: -0.4174
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL4033039)
    Fold Change: -0.4241
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7500
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.4498
    Cell Significance Index: -28.3500
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex neuron (CL0010012)
    Fold Change: -0.4656
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4300
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.5182
    Cell Significance Index: -10.7500
  • Cell Name: slow muscle cell (CL0000189)
    Fold Change: -0.5422
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1100
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.5660
    Cell Significance Index: -29.4800
  • Cell Name: contractile cell (CL0000183)
    Fold Change: -0.5789
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.6015
    Cell Significance Index: -12.5900
  • Cell Name: fast muscle cell (CL0000190)
    Fold Change: -0.6108
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0000
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.6280
    Cell Significance Index: -22.0000
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.6293
    Cell Significance Index: -29.5800
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.6500
    Cell Significance Index: -21.2800
  • Cell Name: bronchial epithelial cell (CL0002328)
    Fold Change: -0.6527
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4400
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.6666
    Cell Significance Index: -24.4700
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: -0.7001
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8600
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.7082
    Cell Significance Index: -20.8600
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.7159
    Cell Significance Index: -22.8000
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.7365
    Cell Significance Index: -15.6900
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.7836
    Cell Significance Index: -27.2300
  • Cell Name: L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030067)
    Fold Change: -0.8021
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2000
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023069)
    Fold Change: -0.8247
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7900
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.8275
    Cell Significance Index: -12.4700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Enzymatic Activity:** GAD2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to produce GABA. 2. **Tissue Expression:** GAD2 is widely expressed in various cell types, including inhibitory interneurons, neurons, and endocrine cells. 3. **Subcellular Localization:** GAD2 is primarily localized to the cytosol and perinuclear region of the cell, suggesting its involvement in GABA synthesis and regulation. 4. **Post-Translational Modification:** GAD2 undergoes phosphorylation and palmitoylation, which modulate its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **GABA Synthesis:** GAD2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, converting glutamate to GABA through a complex series of reactions. 2. **Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission:** GAD2 regulates the release and uptake of GABA in inhibitory synapses, modulating the activity of inhibitory interneurons and neurons. 3. **Neurotransmitter Release Cycle:** GAD2 is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, including GABA, glutamate, and other neurotransmitters. 4. **Synaptic Plasticity:** GAD2 modulates synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are critical for learning and memory. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Neurological Disorders:** GAD2 has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. 2. **Neuropsychiatric Disorders:** GAD2 has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. 3. **Cancer:** GAD2 has been identified as a potential biomarker for cancer, particularly in the context of glioblastoma. 4. **Neurodevelopmental Disorders:** GAD2 has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In conclusion, GAD2 is a critical enzyme involved in the regulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, highlighting the need for further research into the mechanisms and clinical significance of GAD2 in these conditions.

Genular Protein ID: 1965744245

Symbol: DCE2_HUMAN

Name: 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q05329 Q9UD87

Database IDs:

ABCD 1 AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 5 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 ComplexPortal 2 DIP 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 2 EC 1 EMBL 5 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 25 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 4 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 2 PDBsum 2 PIR 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 3 RefSeq 2 Rhea 2 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 1924293

Title: Cloning and primary structure of a human islet isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 1924293

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8337

PubMed ID: 1549570

Title: Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene.

PubMed ID: 1549570

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2115

PubMed ID: 8088791

Title: The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD.

PubMed ID: 8088791

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1246

PubMed ID: 7680313

Title: Characterization of a linear epitope within the human pancreatic 64-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase and its autoimmune recognition by sera from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

PubMed ID: 7680313

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17698.x

PubMed ID: 8243826

Title: Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets.

PubMed ID: 8243826

DOI: 10.2337/diab.42.12.1799

PubMed ID: 8999827

Title: Phosphorylation of serine residues 3, 6, 10, and 13 distinguishes membrane anchored from soluble glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and is restricted to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65alpha.

PubMed ID: 8999827

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1548

PubMed ID: 12356867

Title: A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65.

PubMed ID: 12356867

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200205053

PubMed ID: 10775108

Title: A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes.

PubMed ID: 10775108

DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.505

PubMed ID: 17384644

Title: GABA production by glutamic acid decarboxylase is regulated by a dynamic catalytic loop.

PubMed ID: 17384644

DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1228

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 585
  • Mass: 65411
  • Checksum: 0322509F0E2C32EE
  • Sequence:
    • MASPGSGFWS FGSEDGSGDS ENPGTARAWC QVAQKFTGGI GNKLCALLYG DAEKPAESGG 
SQPPRAAARK AACACDQKPC SCSKVDVNYA FLHATDLLPA CDGERPTLAF LQDVMNILLQ 
YVVKSFDRST KVIDFHYPNE LLQEYNWELA DQPQNLEEIL MHCQTTLKYA IKTGHPRYFN 
QLSTGLDMVG LAADWLTSTA NTNMFTYEIA PVFVLLEYVT LKKMREIIGW PGGSGDGIFS 
PGGAISNMYA MMIARFKMFP EVKEKGMAAL PRLIAFTSEH SHFSLKKGAA ALGIGTDSVI 
LIKCDERGKM IPSDLERRIL EAKQKGFVPF LVSATAGTTV YGAFDPLLAV ADICKKYKIW 
MHVDAAWGGG LLMSRKHKWK LSGVERANSV TWNPHKMMGV PLQCSALLVR EEGLMQNCNQ 
MHASYLFQQD KHYDLSYDTG DKALQCGRHV DVFKLWLMWR AKGTTGFEAH VDKCLELAEY 
LYNIIKNREG YEMVFDGKPQ HTNVCFWYIP PSLRTLEDNE ERMSRLSKVA PVIKARMMEY 
GTTMVSYQPL GDKVNFFRMV ISNPAATHQD IDFLIEEIER LGQDL

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.