Details for: GLUD2

Gene ID: 2747

Symbol: GLUD2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000182890

Description: glutamate dehydrogenase 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 1.4532
    Cell Significance Index: 36.3300
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.6326
    Cell Significance Index: 125.5400
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: 0.4496
    Cell Significance Index: 6.4000
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.3654
    Cell Significance Index: 69.5400
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 0.3524
    Cell Significance Index: 5.5900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.2416
    Cell Significance Index: 5.1500
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2386
    Cell Significance Index: 23.6100
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.1966
    Cell Significance Index: 2.8600
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.1850
    Cell Significance Index: 167.0700
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: 0.1629
    Cell Significance Index: 2.3400
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 0.1552
    Cell Significance Index: 3.8700
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.1413
    Cell Significance Index: 8.4800
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.1372
    Cell Significance Index: 14.9200
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 0.1246
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.1185
    Cell Significance Index: 19.2800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 0.1171
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9300
  • Cell Name: myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000839)
    Fold Change: 0.0891
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0787
    Cell Significance Index: 9.1700
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.0769
    Cell Significance Index: 15.4200
  • Cell Name: primitive red blood cell (CL0002355)
    Fold Change: 0.0742
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8400
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: 0.0738
    Cell Significance Index: 1.0900
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.0717
    Cell Significance Index: 4.9600
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000038)
    Fold Change: 0.0413
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of uterus (CL0002149)
    Fold Change: 0.0202
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2800
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.0202
    Cell Significance Index: 1.0500
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: 0.0161
    Cell Significance Index: 4.6300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.0135
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0125
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3600
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.0076
    Cell Significance Index: 4.1500
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.0054
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6900
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.0040
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2500
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0037
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1300
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 0.0034
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1100
  • Cell Name: Sertoli cell (CL0000216)
    Fold Change: 0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0400
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.0022
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8100
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.0021
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1000
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.0005
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2100
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 0.0000
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0000
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0010
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9700
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0014
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9900
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0015
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0700
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.0018
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0700
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0027
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0200
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0028
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0030
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2000
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0041
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0042
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3500
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0047
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0047
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0054
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.0055
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1200
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0063
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1300
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0068
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2300
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.0086
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0103
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0108
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2800
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.0108
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2100
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.0117
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0124
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0133
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.0162
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4400
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0168
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5900
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.0168
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0300
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -0.0169
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: -0.0205
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2600
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0205
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6500
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0209
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0217
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6100
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0228
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6300
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0241
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7900
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.0264
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0900
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.0271
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.0276
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0280
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1500
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.0293
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7700
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0339
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9000
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.0345
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5700
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.0357
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6000
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0368
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.0384
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4800
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex neuron (CL0010012)
    Fold Change: -0.0415
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.0426
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9100
  • Cell Name: glandular epithelial cell (CL0000150)
    Fold Change: -0.0452
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0462
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0463
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1800
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.0499
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4700
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    Fold Change: -0.0511
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.0516
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0800
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.0571
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: -0.0575
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1700
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: -0.0588
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.0592
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1700
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.0604
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1000
  • Cell Name: fast muscle cell (CL0000190)
    Fold Change: -0.0613
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0629
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5800
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.0649
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6200
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle satellite stem cell (CL0008011)
    Fold Change: -0.0651
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.0659
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4200
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -0.0671
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1600

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** GLUD2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that belongs to the glutamate dehydrogenase family. It is composed of two subunits, α and β, which are encoded by separate genes. The α-subunit contains the catalytic domain, while the β-subunit is involved in the regulation of the enzyme's activity. GLUD2 is highly expressed in various tissues, including the brain, colon, and small intestine, where it is predominantly found in neurons, goblet cells, and enterocytes. The enzyme's activity is influenced by the availability of glutamate and NAD(P)H, and it is also regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. **Pathways and Functions:** GLUD2 plays a central role in the regulation of glutamate metabolism, which is essential for maintaining glutamate homeostasis in the brain and other tissues. The enzyme is involved in the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, producing ammonia as a byproduct. This reaction is crucial for the production of glutamine, which is then transported to the liver for detoxification. Additionally, GLUD2 is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and organelle biogenesis, which are essential for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. The enzyme is also involved in the transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting a potential role in the regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of GLUD2 has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and type 2 diabetes. For example, studies have shown that GLUD2 is overexpressed in the brains of individuals with epilepsy, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Additionally, GLUD2 has been shown to play a role in the regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons, which is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis and preventing neurodegeneration. Furthermore, GLUD2 has been implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. In conclusion, GLUD2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a critical role in glutamate metabolism and regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and organelle biogenesis. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders, highlighting the importance of this enzyme in maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying GLUD2's functions and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of these disorders.

Genular Protein ID: 3880818699

Symbol: DHE4_HUMAN

Name: Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P49448 B2R8G0 Q9UDQ4

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 14 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 2 DrugCentral 1 EC 3 EMBL 5 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 11 Gene3D 3 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 7 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 1 PDBsum 1 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 1 Rhea 2 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8207021

Title: Novel human glutamate dehydrogenase expressed in neural and testicular tissues and encoded by an X-linked intronless gene.

PubMed ID: 8207021

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89484-x

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15772651

Title: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.

PubMed ID: 15772651

DOI: 10.1038/nature03440

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 16023112

Title: Identification of ADP-ribosylation site in human glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes.

PubMed ID: 16023112

DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.041

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22709669

Title: Alpha helical structures in the leader sequence of human GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase responsible for mitochondrial import.

PubMed ID: 22709669

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.006

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 558
  • Mass: 61434
  • Checksum: F222B1B2CB74A6EA
  • Sequence:
    • MYRYLAKALL PSRAGPAALG SAANHSAALL GRGRGQPAAA SQPGLALAAR RHYSELVADR 
EDDPNFFKMV EGFFDRGASI VEDKLVKDLR TQESEEQKRN RVRGILRIIK PCNHVLSLSF 
PIRRDDGSWE VIEGYRAQHS QHRTPCKGGI RYSTDVSVDE VKALASLMTY KCAVVDVPFG 
GAKAGVKINP KNYTENELEK ITRRFTMELA KKGFIGPGVD VPAPDMNTGE REMSWIADTY 
ASTIGHYDIN AHACVTGKPI SQGGIHGRIS ATGRGVFHGI ENFINEASYM SILGMTPGFR 
DKTFVVQGFG NVGLHSMRYL HRFGAKCIAV GESDGSIWNP DGIDPKELED FKLQHGSILG 
FPKAKPYEGS ILEVDCDILI PAATEKQLTK SNAPRVKAKI IAEGANGPTT PEADKIFLER 
NILVIPDLYL NAGGVTVSYF EWLKNLNHVS YGRLTFKYER DSNYHLLLSV QESLERKFGK 
HGGTIPIVPT AEFQDSISGA SEKDIVHSAL AYTMERSARQ IMHTAMKYNL GLDLRTAAYV 
NAIEKVFKVY SEAGVTFT

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.