Details for: GSTA1

Gene ID: 2938

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: GSTA1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000243955

Description: glutathione S-transferase alpha 1

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 43.25
    rCSI 45.2%
    PRS 56.94
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 29.85
    rCSI 42.78%
    PRS 63.18
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 16.28
    rCSI 26.25%
    PRS 62.95
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 13.9
    rCSI 16.12%
    PRS 66.79
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 13.46
    rCSI 30.69%
    PRS 55.53
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 12.78
    rCSI 14.78%
    PRS 48.85
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 12.05
    rCSI 10.59%
    PRS 46.73
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 11.57
    rCSI 12.07%
    PRS 58.95
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 11.04
    rCSI 15.09%
    PRS 60.61
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 10.61
    rCSI 15.52%
    PRS 62.93
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 10.03
    rCSI 14.45%
    PRS 69.89
  • foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179
    CSI 9.93
    rCSI 21.14%
    PRS 70.68
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017
    CSI 9.84
    rCSI 26.54%
    PRS 66.54
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 9.28
    rCSI 8.24%
    PRS 56.86
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 9.1
    rCSI 7.05%
    PRS 60.37
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 8.9
    rCSI 8.41%
    PRS 58.38
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 8.75
    rCSI 19.27%
    PRS 72.09
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 8.24
    rCSI 32.92%
    PRS 75.47
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 8.21
    rCSI 10%
    PRS 66.37
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 7.58
    rCSI 7.29%
    PRS 59.01
  • transit amplifying cell of small intestine CL0009012
    CSI 7.39
    rCSI 32.44%
    PRS 74.21
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 7.37
    rCSI 9.45%
    PRS 63.57
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 7.33
    rCSI 17.91%
    PRS 52.66
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 7
    rCSI 9.7%
    PRS 60.43
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 6.79
    rCSI 6.54%
    PRS 49.3
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 6.54
    rCSI 9.59%
    PRS 70.24
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 6.34
    rCSI 10.27%
    PRS 55.55
  • kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000838
    CSI 6.27
    rCSI 66.47%
    PRS 65.9
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 6.23
    rCSI 6.45%
    PRS 64.23
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 6.22
    rCSI 8.26%
    PRS 65.03
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 6.15
    rCSI 9.08%
    PRS 74.96
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 6.03
    rCSI 13.17%
    PRS 73.3
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 5.87
    rCSI 8.96%
    PRS 59.4
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 5.81
    rCSI 13.28%
    PRS 58.62
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 5.69
    rCSI 21.3%
    PRS 51.06
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 5.63
    rCSI 13.21%
    PRS 64.76
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 5.4
    rCSI 5.65%
    PRS 62.28
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 5.18
    rCSI 7.58%
    PRS 55.12
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 5.02
    rCSI 6.24%
    PRS 60.77
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 4.99
    rCSI 12.34%
    PRS 57.2
  • periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 19.06%
    PRS 64.78
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 4.77
    rCSI 4.76%
    PRS 52.09
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 4.76
    rCSI 7.55%
    PRS 69.91
  • respiratory goblet cell CL0002370
    CSI 4.72
    rCSI 51.32%
    PRS 74.4
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 4.71
    rCSI 11.19%
    PRS 62.97
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 4.14
    rCSI 10.51%
    PRS 53.21
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 4.04
    rCSI 4.33%
    PRS 57.86
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 3.87
    rCSI 13.08%
    PRS 63.48
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 3.73
    rCSI 3.09%
    PRS 57.77
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 3.53
    rCSI 9.9%
    PRS 70.71
  • enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine CL1000334
    CSI 3.46
    rCSI 53.56%
    PRS 77.33
  • intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538
    CSI 3.13
    rCSI 7.5%
    PRS 70.21
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 2.97
    rCSI 3.16%
    PRS 69.58
  • kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001106
    CSI 2.89
    rCSI 24.93%
    PRS 56.72
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 2.75
    rCSI 11.87%
    PRS 71.62
  • stromal cell of ovary CL0002132
    CSI 2.56
    rCSI 7.04%
    PRS 71.83
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 4.23%
    PRS 57.96
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 2.28
    rCSI 2.68%
    PRS 61.27
  • parietal cell CL0000162
    CSI 2.23
    rCSI 19.23%
    PRS 86.05
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 7.45%
    PRS 68.22
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.93
    rCSI 2.95%
    PRS 72.54
  • basal cell of epithelium of trachea CL1000348
    CSI 1.92
    rCSI 13.53%
    PRS 74.22
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.57%
    PRS 74.72
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI 1.82
    rCSI 4.75%
    PRS 63.52
  • cholangiocyte CL1000488
    CSI 1.74
    rCSI 10.4%
    PRS 67.59
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 1.49
    rCSI 2.27%
    PRS 63.04
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3 CL4030011
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 11.56%
    PRS 69.55
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 1.41
    rCSI 1.47%
    PRS 55.18
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 1.19
    rCSI 9.67%
    PRS 52.08
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 1.12
    rCSI 2.17%
    PRS 61.52
  • erythroblast CL0000765
    CSI 0.87
    rCSI 2.31%
    PRS 70.5
  • colon goblet cell CL0009039
    CSI 0.48
    rCSI 1.14%
    PRS 68.45
  • tracheobronchial goblet cell CL0019003
    CSI 0.27
    rCSI 4.27%
    PRS 84.1

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) (Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 1) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 6p12.2. It encodes a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the alpha class of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily. These enzymes play a crucial role in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide range of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds. Functionally, [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is integral to the [xenobiotic metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0006805), [cellular oxidant detoxification](/details-go/GO:0098869), and the metabolism of signaling molecules like prostaglandins. Expression data indicates that [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is a highly significant gene in epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, with its highest significance observed in [intestinal epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0002563). Its clinical relevance is noted under OMIM entry [138359](https://omim.org/entry/138359). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) highlights its specialized function in tissues that form a barrier against the external environment. **Overall**, the gene demonstrates its highest significance in epithelial cell populations of the digestive system. It is a top marker in [intestinal epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0002563) (CSI: 43.25), [colonocyte](/details-cell/CL1000347) (CSI: 29.85), and [enterocyte](/details-cell/CL0000584) (CSI: 16.28), suggesting a primary role in detoxifying compounds absorbed from the gut lumen. Its high significance in secretory and specialized cells such as [intestine goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0019031), [enteroendocrine cell](/details-cell/CL0000164), and [foveolar cell of stomach](/details-cell/CL0002179) further supports its role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Notably, its expression in [intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine](/details-cell/CL0009017) suggests it may contribute to protecting the progenitor cell pool from genotoxic stress. A similar pattern is observed in the respiratory tract, where [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is highly significant in [nasal mucosa goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0002480), [ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree](/details-cell/CL0002145), and [lung ciliated cell](/details-cell/CL1000271). This expression pattern is consistent with a protective function against inhaled toxins, pollutants, and oxidative agents. The collective data strongly indicates that [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is a key functional component of the epithelial defense system in mucosal tissues. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The functions of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) are centered on cellular detoxification and metabolism, mediated primarily by its [glutathione transferase activity](/details-go/GO:0004364). It is a central enzyme in [Phase II - conjugation of compounds](/details-reactome/R-HSA-156580), particularly through the [Glutathione conjugation](/details-reactome/R-HSA-156590) pathway. This activity is critical for neutralizing a wide array of harmful substances, as reflected in its annotation for [xenobiotic metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0006805) and [cellular response to chemical stress](/details-reactome/R-HSA-9711123). Beyond xenobiotics, [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is involved in managing endogenous oxidative stress. It exhibits [glutathione peroxidase activity](/details-go/GO:0004602) and is implicated in the metabolism of lipid peroxidation products, such as those derived from linoleic acid ([GO:0043651](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0043651)) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.02.020)). Its function is linked to the [Keap1-nfe2l2 pathway](/details-reactome/R-HSA-9755511), a master regulatory pathway for antioxidant responses. The enzyme also participates in the metabolism of signaling molecules, including the [prostaglandin metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0006693) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9601770)) and steroid metabolism through its [steroid delta-isomerase activity](/details-go/GO:0004769) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m009146200)). These functions are consistent with its high expression in metabolically active epithelial cells responsible for maintaining tissue integrity and managing inflammatory signals. ## Research Directions Based on its function and cellular expression profile, [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) presents several avenues for further investigation. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. The high significance of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) in [intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine](/details-cell/CL0009017) suggests it plays a critical cytoprotective role. We hypothesize that [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is essential for preserving the genomic integrity of these stem cells by neutralizing luminal mutagens, thereby preventing apoptosis and regulating the rate of epithelial turnover and repair. 2. Given its role in prostaglandin metabolism and high expression in airway cells like [lung ciliated cell](/details-cell/CL1000271), we hypothesize that variations in [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) activity or expression levels modulate the local inflammatory environment in the lungs. Reduced [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) function may lead to an altered prostaglandin profile, contributing to the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma. **Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis regarding its role in intestinal stem cells (Hypothesis 1), an ideal approach would utilize an *in vitro* organoid model. Intestinal organoids could be generated from both wild-type mice and mice with a conditional knockout of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) in the intestinal epithelium. These organoids would then be exposed to a known food-derived carcinogen, such as PhIP, or an oxidative stressor like paraquat. The subsequent effects on stem cell viability, proliferation (assessed by EdU incorporation), DNA damage (via γH2AX staining), and differentiation capacity (via scRNA-seq) would be compared between the wild-type and knockout organoids. A significant increase in DNA damage and a decrease in stem cell renewal in the knockout organoids would support the hypothesis. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a detoxification enzyme, [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) is not a conventional therapeutic target for inhibition in most contexts. Instead, its induction could be a therapeutic strategy. Pharmacological activation of the NFE2L2 pathway to upregulate [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) in the intestinal or respiratory epithelium could represent a novel approach to protect against drug-induced toxicity, environmental pollutants, or to mitigate inflammation in conditions like IBD. Conversely, in oncology, overexpression of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) in tumor cells is known to contribute to chemotherapy resistance. In this specific context, developing targeted inhibitors of [GSTA1](/details-gene/2938) could serve as a valuable chemosensitizing strategy to enhance the efficacy of existing cancer treatments.

Genular Protein ID: 487563818

Symbol: GSTA1_HUMAN

Name: GST HA subunit 1

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3800996

Title: Human liver glutathione S-transferases: complete primary sequence of an Ha subunit cDNA.

PubMed ID: 3800996

DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80358-8

PubMed ID: 3036131

Title: The basic glutathione S-transferases from human livers are products of separate genes.

PubMed ID: 3036131

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91345-3

PubMed ID: 3678589

Title: Nucleotide sequence of the human liver glutathione S-transferase subunit 1 cDNA.

PubMed ID: 3678589

DOI: 10.1042/bst0150734

PubMed ID: 3031680

Title: Isolation of a cDNA clone and localization of human glutathione S-transferase 2 genes to chromosome band 6p12.

PubMed ID: 3031680

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.8.2377

PubMed ID: 1731620

Title: Isolation and characterization of a human glutathione S-transferase Ha1 subunit gene.

PubMed ID: 1731620

DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90035-u

PubMed ID: 1330133

Title: Heterologous expression of recombinant human glutathione transferase A1-1 from a hepatoma cell line.

PubMed ID: 1330133

DOI: 10.1016/1046-5928(92)90060-a

PubMed ID: 14574404

Title: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.

PubMed ID: 14574404

DOI: 10.1038/nature02055

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 3138230

Title: Human glutathione S-transferases. The Ha multigene family encodes products of different but overlapping substrate specificities.

PubMed ID: 3138230

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37626-9

PubMed ID: 8431482

Title: Characterization of two novel subunits of the alpha-class glutathione S-transferases of human liver.

PubMed ID: 8431482

DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90234-i

PubMed ID: 2604726

Title: Evidence that glutathione S-transferases B1B1 and B2B2 are the products of separate genes and that their expression in human liver is subject to inter-individual variation. Molecular relationships between the B1 and B2 subunits and other alpha class glutathione S-transferases.

PubMed ID: 2604726

DOI: 10.1042/bj2640437

PubMed ID: 2018473

Title: The contribution of the C-terminal sequence to the catalytic activity of GST2, a human alpha-class glutathione transferase.

PubMed ID: 2018473

DOI: 10.1042/bj2750171

PubMed ID: 9084911

Title: Stereoselective conjugation of prostaglandin A2 and prostaglandin J2 with glutathione, catalyzed by the human glutathione S-transferases A1-1, A2-2, M1a-1a, and P1-1.

PubMed ID: 9084911

DOI: 10.1021/tx9601770

PubMed ID: 11152686

Title: The role of glutathione in the isomerization of delta 5-androstene-3,17-dione catalyzed by human glutathione transferase A1-1.

PubMed ID: 11152686

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009146200

PubMed ID: 16624487

Title: Metabolism of oxidized linoleic acid by glutathione transferases: peroxidase activity toward 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid.

PubMed ID: 16624487

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.02.020

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 8331657

Title: Structure determination and refinement of human alpha class glutathione transferase A1-1, and a comparison with the Mu and Pi class enzymes.

PubMed ID: 8331657

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1376

PubMed ID: 8591048

Title: Structural analysis of human alpha-class glutathione transferase A1-1 in the apo-form and in complexes with ethacrynic acid and its glutathione conjugate.

PubMed ID: 8591048

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00206-4

PubMed ID: 12211029

Title: 1.3-A resolution structure of human glutathione S-transferase with S-hexyl glutathione bound reveals possible extended ligandin binding site.

PubMed ID: 12211029

DOI: 10.1002/prot.10162

PubMed ID: 15333749

Title: Incorporation of a single His residue by rational design enables thiol-ester hydrolysis by human glutathione transferase A1-1.

PubMed ID: 15333749

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403045101

PubMed ID: 15893769

Title: Tertiary interactions stabilise the C-terminal region of human glutathione transferase A1-1: a crystallographic and calorimetric study.

PubMed ID: 15893769

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.025

PubMed ID: 16421451

Title: New crystal structures of human glutathione transferase A1-1 shed light on glutathione binding and the conformation of the C-terminal helix.

PubMed ID: 16421451

DOI: 10.1107/s0907444905039296

PubMed ID: 19618965

Title: Structural analysis of a glutathione transferase A1-1 mutant tailored for high catalytic efficiency with toxic alkenals.

PubMed ID: 19618965

DOI: 10.1021/bi900895b

PubMed ID: 20606271

Title: The role of a topologically conserved isoleucine in glutathione transferase structure, stability and function.

PubMed ID: 20606271

DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110019135

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 222
  • Mass: 25631
  • Checksum: C8B6786DCD761350
  • Sequence:
  • MAEKPKLHYF NARGRMESTR WLLAAAGVEF EEKFIKSAED LDKLRNDGYL MFQQVPMVEI 
    DGMKLVQTRA ILNYIASKYN LYGKDIKERA LIDMYIEGIA DLGEMILLLP VCPPEEKDAK 
    LALIKEKIKN RYFPAFEKVL KSHGQDYLVG NKLSRADIHL VELLYYVEEL DSSLISSFPL 
    LKALKTRISN LPTVKKFLQP GSPRKPPMDE KSLEEARKIF RF

Genular Protein ID: 1303165266

Symbol: B7Z1F9_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 225
  • Mass: 25648
  • Checksum: 10E7597C948D5DF2
  • Sequence:
  • MAEKPKLHYF NARGRMESTR WLLAAAGVEF EEKFIKSAED LDKLRNDGYL MFQQVPMVEI 
    DGMKLVQTRA ILNYIASKYN LYGKDIKERA LIDMYIEGIA DLGEMILLLP VCPPEEKDAK 
    LALIKEKIKN RYFPAFEKVL KSHGQDYLVG NKLSRADIHL VELLYYVEEL DSSLISSFPL 
    LKVTHFTAQR GSPTSPILGS CIWALRLTKF CPSLLQAFSA PRSPK