Details for: XDH

Gene ID: 7498

Symbol: XDH

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000158125

Description: xanthine dehydrogenase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: endothelial tip cell (CL0000704)
    Fold Change: 25.8570
    Cell Significance Index: 111.1900
  • Cell Name: precursor cell (CL0011115)
    Fold Change: 5.0435
    Cell Significance Index: 38.2500
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: 3.6656
    Cell Significance Index: 52.1800
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 3.4573
    Cell Significance Index: 35.7900
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 3.2066
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5900
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 3.1107
    Cell Significance Index: 52.4000
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 1.9096
    Cell Significance Index: 55.0200
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 1.5774
    Cell Significance Index: 34.1800
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 1.5550
    Cell Significance Index: 80.7800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 1.5343
    Cell Significance Index: 42.8800
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 1.4971
    Cell Significance Index: 89.8800
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 1.0909
    Cell Significance Index: 26.4300
  • Cell Name: serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland (CL4033005)
    Fold Change: 0.9773
    Cell Significance Index: 9.7800
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.9259
    Cell Significance Index: 100.7100
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.7978
    Cell Significance Index: 720.3300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.7091
    Cell Significance Index: 32.1400
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 0.6447
    Cell Significance Index: 11.0200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.6279
    Cell Significance Index: 29.5100
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.5697
    Cell Significance Index: 39.4000
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.5127
    Cell Significance Index: 10.9200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.4979
    Cell Significance Index: 80.9800
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.3496
    Cell Significance Index: 8.7400
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 0.2759
    Cell Significance Index: 4.6400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: 0.2637
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.2446
    Cell Significance Index: 28.5000
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2312
    Cell Significance Index: 22.8700
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: 0.2127
    Cell Significance Index: 3.1400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.1899
    Cell Significance Index: 36.1500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.1432
    Cell Significance Index: 18.5100
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.1214
    Cell Significance Index: 24.0900
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.0723
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: 0.0633
    Cell Significance Index: 39.5300
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: 0.0462
    Cell Significance Index: 6.7200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: 0.0166
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.0157
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9300
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.0143
    Cell Significance Index: 2.5800
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0055
    Cell Significance Index: 10.1900
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.0053
    Cell Significance Index: 10.0300
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.0050
    Cell Significance Index: 2.2300
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0043
    Cell Significance Index: 6.6400
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.0034
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2400
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0023
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0800
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0008
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4100
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0019
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6400
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0026
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0046
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0046
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9600
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0048
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0083
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4100
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0088
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6700
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0089
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2100
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.0103
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0109
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0152
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0500
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0155
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0300
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0178
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5700
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0179
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1600
  • Cell Name: enterocyte (CL0000584)
    Fold Change: -0.0258
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1600
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.0279
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0316
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3400
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.0333
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0400
  • Cell Name: colonocyte (CL1000347)
    Fold Change: -0.0348
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2200
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.0428
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0457
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2400
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.0577
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8700
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0620
    Cell Significance Index: -6.3300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: -0.0674
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1100
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0682
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0705
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4100
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0710
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3900
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0743
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0400
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.0795
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7400
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0805
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0700
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0883
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.1018
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0600
  • Cell Name: midzonal region hepatocyte (CL0019028)
    Fold Change: -0.1068
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.1075
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0100
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.1321
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5200
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1372
    Cell Significance Index: -8.4300
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.1379
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.1466
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.1477
    Cell Significance Index: -8.2900
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.1643
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8400
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: -0.1687
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6100
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.1718
    Cell Significance Index: -7.6000
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.1830
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9300
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.1832
    Cell Significance Index: -4.9100
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.1851
    Cell Significance Index: -9.7200
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.2050
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.2106
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7300
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.2185
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: -0.2209
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3300
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.2258
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1900
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.2271
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4800
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.2345
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of uterus (CL0002149)
    Fold Change: -0.2364
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2800
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.2387
    Cell Significance Index: -10.3800
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.2426
    Cell Significance Index: -6.0600
  • Cell Name: stem cell (CL0000034)
    Fold Change: -0.2504
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8200
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.2601
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8400

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** XDH is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme that consists of two subunits: an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase and an xanthine oxidase. The enzyme is characterized by its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its involvement in various cellular processes, including apoptosis, immune response, and cell differentiation. XDH is also known to interact with other proteins, such as butyrophilin (BTN), which modulates its activity. The enzyme is expressed in various tissues, including the retina, cornea, liver, and immune cells, and its expression is tightly regulated by various cellular mechanisms. **Pathways and Functions** XDH is involved in several cellular pathways, including: 1. **Purine Catabolism**: XDH is the primary enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine, which is then further metabolized to uric acid. 2. **Antioxidant Defense**: XDH generates ROS, which play a crucial role in regulating oxidative stress and immune responses. 3. **Apoptosis**: XDH is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, particularly in the context of immune responses. 4. **Immune Response**: XDH modulates immune responses, including the regulation of endothelial cell differentiation and proliferation. 5. **Cell Differentiation**: XDH is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, particularly in the context of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. 6. **Metabolism of Nucleotides**: XDH is involved in the catabolism of nucleotides, including adenosine, guanine, and inosine. **Clinical Significance** XDH has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Uric Acid Crystallization**: XDH is involved in the production of uric acid, which can lead to uric acid crystallization and kidney stones. 2. **Osteoarthritis**: XDH has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, particularly in the context of purine metabolism and oxidative stress. 3. **Immune-Mediated Diseases**: XDH is involved in the regulation of immune responses, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. 4. **Cancer**: XDH has been implicated in the regulation of cancer cell growth and survival, particularly in the context of oxidative stress and immune responses. In conclusion, XDH is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including purine metabolism, antioxidant defense, and regulation of immune responses. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including uric acid crystallization, osteoarthritis, immune-mediated diseases, and cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of XDH in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 3156411446

Symbol: XDH_HUMAN

Name: Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8224915

Title: Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene.

PubMed ID: 8224915

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-j

PubMed ID: 8135849

Title: Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase.

PubMed ID: 8135849

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1328

PubMed ID: 7575623

Title:

PubMed ID: 7575623

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2482

PubMed ID: 8670112

Title: Cloning and expression in vitro of human xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase.

PubMed ID: 8670112

DOI: 10.1042/bj3150235

PubMed ID: 9153281

Title: Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria.

PubMed ID: 9153281

DOI: 10.1172/jci119421

PubMed ID: 10844591

Title: XDH gene mutation is the underlying cause of classical xanthinuria: a second report.

PubMed ID: 10844591

DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00082.x

PubMed ID: 18780401

Title: Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human milk by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 18780401

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701057

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 17301077

Title: Human xanthine oxidase changes its substrate specificity to aldehyde oxidase type upon mutation of amino acid residues in the active site: roles of active site residues in binding and activation of purine substrate.

PubMed ID: 17301077

DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm053

PubMed ID: 11379872

Title: Identification of a new point mutation in the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for a case of classical type I xanthinuria.

PubMed ID: 11379872

DOI: 10.1007/s004390100477

PubMed ID: 14551354

Title: Mutational analysis of the xanthine dehydrogenase gene in a Turkish family with autosomal recessive classical xanthinuria.

PubMed ID: 14551354

DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg385

PubMed ID: 16959974

Title: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.

PubMed ID: 16959974

DOI: 10.1126/science.1133427

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 1333
  • Mass: 146424
  • Checksum: 806FF2C7413F84C5
  • Sequence:
  • MTADKLVFFV NGRKVVEKNA DPETTLLAYL RRKLGLSGTK LGCGEGGCGA CTVMLSKYDR 
    LQNKIVHFSA NACLAPICSL HHVAVTTVEG IGSTKTRLHP VQERIAKSHG SQCGFCTPGI 
    VMSMYTLLRN QPEPTMEEIE NAFQGNLCRC TGYRPILQGF RTFARDGGCC GGDGNNPNCC 
    MNQKKDHSVS LSPSLFKPEE FTPLDPTQEP IFPPELLRLK DTPRKQLRFE GERVTWIQAS 
    TLKELLDLKA QHPDAKLVVG NTEIGIEMKF KNMLFPMIVC PAWIPELNSV EHGPDGISFG 
    AACPLSIVEK TLVDAVAKLP AQKTEVFRGV LEQLRWFAGK QVKSVASVGG NIITASPISD 
    LNPVFMASGA KLTLVSRGTR RTVQMDHTFF PGYRKTLLSP EEILLSIEIP YSREGEYFSA 
    FKQASRREDD IAKVTSGMRV LFKPGTTEVQ ELALCYGGMA NRTISALKTT QRQLSKLWKE 
    ELLQDVCAGL AEELHLPPDA PGGMVDFRCT LTLSFFFKFY LTVLQKLGQE NLEDKCGKLD 
    PTFASATLLF QKDPPADVQL FQEVPKGQSE EDMVGRPLPH LAADMQASGE AVYCDDIPRY 
    ENELSLRLVT STRAHAKIKS IDTSEAKKVP GFVCFISADD VPGSNITGIC NDETVFAKDK 
    VTCVGHIIGA VVADTPEHTQ RAAQGVKITY EELPAIITIE DAIKNNSFYG PELKIEKGDL 
    KKGFSEADNV VSGEIYIGGQ EHFYLETHCT IAVPKGEAGE MELFVSTQNT MKTQSFVAKM 
    LGVPANRIVV RVKRMGGGFG GKETRSTVVS TAVALAAYKT GRPVRCMLDR DEDMLITGGR 
    HPFLARYKVG FMKTGTVVAL EVDHFSNVGN TQDLSQSIME RALFHMDNCY KIPNIRGTGR 
    LCKTNLPSNT AFRGFGGPQG MLIAECWMSE VAVTCGMPAE EVRRKNLYKE GDLTHFNQKL 
    EGFTLPRCWE ECLASSQYHA RKSEVDKFNK ENCWKKRGLC IIPTKFGISF TVPFLNQAGA 
    LLHVYTDGSV LLTHGGTEMG QGLHTKMVQV ASRALKIPTS KIYISETSTN TVPNTSPTAA 
    SVSADLNGQA VYAACQTILK RLEPYKKKNP SGSWEDWVTA AYMDTVSLSA TGFYRTPNLG 
    YSFETNSGNP FHYFSYGVAC SEVEIDCLTG DHKNLRTDIV MDVGSSLNPA IDIGQVEGAF 
    VQGLGLFTLE ELHYSPEGSL HTRGPSTYKI PAFGSIPIEF RVSLLRDCPN KKAIYASKAV 
    GEPPLFLAAS IFFAIKDAIR AARAQHTGNN VKELFRLDSP ATPEKIRNAC VDKFTTLCVT 
    GVPENCKPWS VRV

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.