Details for: PAH

Gene ID: 5053

Symbol: PAH

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000171759

Description: phenylalanine hydroxylase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 15.8028
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4200
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 10.2544
    Cell Significance Index: 172.7400
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 4.3034
    Cell Significance Index: 854.0200
  • Cell Name: intrahepatic cholangiocyte (CL0002538)
    Fold Change: 3.1245
    Cell Significance Index: 11.7700
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 1.9246
    Cell Significance Index: 32.3700
  • Cell Name: midzonal region hepatocyte (CL0019028)
    Fold Change: 1.5003
    Cell Significance Index: 8.6400
  • Cell Name: urothelial cell (CL0000731)
    Fold Change: 1.0913
    Cell Significance Index: 7.6100
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 0.9314
    Cell Significance Index: 22.5600
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: 0.9194
    Cell Significance Index: 13.5700
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 0.5734
    Cell Significance Index: 15.3700
  • Cell Name: cholangiocyte (CL1000488)
    Fold Change: 0.3892
    Cell Significance Index: 3.8400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of nephron (CL1000449)
    Fold Change: 0.2377
    Cell Significance Index: 2.0200
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.2366
    Cell Significance Index: 84.8600
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.0901
    Cell Significance Index: 62.3500
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 0.0853
    Cell Significance Index: 2.1300
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.0845
    Cell Significance Index: 16.9600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: 0.0729
    Cell Significance Index: 5.7700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: 0.0640
    Cell Significance Index: 39.9400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule (CL0002306)
    Fold Change: 0.0307
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2400
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.0286
    Cell Significance Index: 2.9200
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.0007
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0100
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0009
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7800
  • Cell Name: kidney capillary endothelial cell (CL1000892)
    Fold Change: -0.0010
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0017
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0021
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8700
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0026
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0400
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1600
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4300
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0037
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0040
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0074
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7800
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0109
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6700
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0122
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5500
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0172
    Cell Significance Index: -4.9600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.0210
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0227
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6000
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0315
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6700
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0318
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6200
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.0348
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0401
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0425
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2300
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0432
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2100
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0461
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8100
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0464
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0533
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2100
  • Cell Name: kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000838)
    Fold Change: -0.0534
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4500
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.0542
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1500
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0592
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5400
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoid (CL1000398)
    Fold Change: -0.0610
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5800
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.0634
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3700
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0703
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3000
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.0730
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.0749
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0400
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.0776
    Cell Significance Index: -5.7800
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0777
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0800
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0806
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4200
  • Cell Name: mesothelial cell of epicardium (CL0011019)
    Fold Change: -0.0844
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7300
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.0851
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0400
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0925
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2400
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.0990
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0300
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.1045
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8700
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.1062
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3500
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    Fold Change: -0.1067
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4800
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.1078
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7700
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.1191
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2700
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.1203
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2700
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.1237
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1200
  • Cell Name: glutamatergic neuron (CL0000679)
    Fold Change: -0.1257
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3700
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.1260
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9200
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.1293
    Cell Significance Index: -5.8600
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: -0.1299
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5200
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.1330
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6300
  • Cell Name: neural progenitor cell (CL0011020)
    Fold Change: -0.1375
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3600
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.1381
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9800
  • Cell Name: hippocampal interneuron (CL1001569)
    Fold Change: -0.1403
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8200
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.1404
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4700
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.1408
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3300
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.1421
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1800
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.1439
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5900
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.1530
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4500
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -0.1556
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.1559
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1300
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: -0.1631
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9800
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: -0.1640
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0700
  • Cell Name: L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023042)
    Fold Change: -0.1659
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8300
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.1692
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3300
  • Cell Name: L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030064)
    Fold Change: -0.1714
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8500
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.1764
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5800
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.1801
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1400
  • Cell Name: slow muscle cell (CL0000189)
    Fold Change: -0.1812
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7100
  • Cell Name: myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000839)
    Fold Change: -0.1881
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6400
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: -0.1943
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4600
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1944
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1900
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.1951
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8900
  • Cell Name: L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (CL4023050)
    Fold Change: -0.1957
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6100
  • Cell Name: L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030059)
    Fold Change: -0.1958
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6100
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.2006
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9100
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -0.2016
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3100

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** Phenylalanine hydroxylase is a non-heme iron-dependent monooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to form tyrosine. This reaction requires the coordinated action of two cofactors: tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and oxygen, which are essential for the enzyme's catalytic activity. PAH is a tetrameric enzyme composed of four identical subunits, each containing a single iron ion. The enzyme's activity is regulated by various factors, including BH4 availability, pH, and the presence of inhibitors. **Pathways and Functions:** Phenylalanine hydroxylase is involved in several key metabolic pathways, including: 1. **Amino acid biosynthesis:** PAH is essential for the synthesis of tyrosine, a precursor molecule for various neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. 2. **Catecholamine biosynthesis:** The enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, which play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and energy metabolism. 3. **Phenylalanine catabolic process:** PAH is responsible for the breakdown of phenylalanine, which is a critical step in maintaining phenylalanine homeostasis in the body. 4. **Tyrosine biosynthetic process:** The enzyme is involved in the synthesis of tyrosine from phenylalanine, which is essential for various cellular processes, including protein synthesis and neurotransmitter production. **Clinical Significance:** Phenylalanine hydroxylase plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including: 1. **Phenylketonuria (PKU):** PAH deficiency is the primary cause of PKU, a rare genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of phenylalanine in the blood, which can lead to cognitive impairment and other neurological complications if left untreated. 2. **Tyrosinemia:** PAH deficiency can also lead to tyrosinemia, a disorder characterized by elevated levels of tyrosine in the blood, which can cause liver damage and other systemic complications. 3. **Neurological disorders:** PAH is also implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, which are characterized by abnormal levels of catecholamines in the brain. In conclusion, phenylalanine hydroxylase is a critical enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism and disease pathogenesis. Its deficiency is a primary cause of several genetic disorders, including PKU and tyrosinemia. Understanding the regulation and function of PAH is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Genular Protein ID: 544822011

Symbol: PH4H_HUMAN

Name: Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2986678

Title: Nucleotide sequence of a full-length complementary DNA clone and amino acid sequence of human phenylalanine hydroxylase.

PubMed ID: 2986678

DOI: 10.1021/bi00324a002

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 2461704

Title: A monoclonal antibody to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Identification of the epitope.

PubMed ID: 2461704

DOI: 10.1042/bj2550193

PubMed ID: 12185072

Title: Phosphorylation and mutations of Ser(16) in human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Kinetic and structural effects.

PubMed ID: 12185072

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112197200

PubMed ID: 18460651

Title: Anabolic function of phenylalanine hydroxylase in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PubMed ID: 18460651

DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-108522

PubMed ID: 18835579

Title: The phylogeny of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases revisited by characterizing phenylalanine hydroxylase from Dictyostelium discoideum.

PubMed ID: 18835579

DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.005

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 9406548

Title: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 9406548

DOI: 10.1038/nsb1297-995

PubMed ID: 9843368

Title: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0-A resolution.

PubMed ID: 9843368

DOI: 10.1021/bi9815290

PubMed ID: 9642259

Title: Structure of tetrameric human phenylalanine hydroxylase and its implications for phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 9642259

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.27.16962

PubMed ID: 10694386

Title: Crystal structure and site-specific mutagenesis of pterin-bound human phenylalanine hydroxylase.

PubMed ID: 10694386

DOI: 10.1021/bi992531+

PubMed ID: 11718561

Title: High resolution crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in its catalytically active Fe(II) form and binary complex with tetrahydrobiopterin.

PubMed ID: 11718561

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5061

PubMed ID: 32668217

Title: The Genetic Landscape and Epidemiology of Phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 32668217

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.006

PubMed ID: 1679029

Title: The phenylketonuria locus: current knowledge about alleles and mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in various populations.

PubMed ID: 1679029

DOI: 10.1007/bf00197152

PubMed ID: 2246858

Title: Heterogeneity of phenylketonuria at the clinical, protein and DNA levels.

PubMed ID: 2246858

DOI: 10.1007/bf01799577

PubMed ID: 1301187

Title: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and related hyperphenylalaninemias: mutations and polymorphisms in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 1301187

DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380010104

PubMed ID: 8594560

Title: PAH Mutation Analysis Consortium Database: a database for disease-producing and other allelic variation at the human PAH locus.

PubMed ID: 8594560

DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.1.127

PubMed ID: 2840952

Title: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency caused by a single base substitution in an exon of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 2840952

DOI: 10.1021/bi00408a032

PubMed ID: 2564729

Title: Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in Mediterranean countries: a mutation associated with partial phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 2564729

PubMed ID: 2615649

Title: Phenylketonuria in the Greek population. Haplotype analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and identification of a PKU mutation.

PubMed ID: 2615649

PubMed ID: 1975559

Title: Two mutations within the coding sequence of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 1975559

DOI: 10.1007/bf00206750

PubMed ID: 1671810

Title: Screening for mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene from Italian patients with phenylketonuria by using the chemical cleavage method: a new splice mutation.

PubMed ID: 1671810

PubMed ID: 2014802

Title: Phenylketonuria in U.S. blacks: molecular analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 2014802

PubMed ID: 1672294

Title: Phenylketonuria missense mutations in the Mediterranean.

PubMed ID: 1672294

DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90225-4

PubMed ID: 1672290

Title: Phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: novel missense mutation in exon 7 causing severe phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 1672290

DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90238-a

PubMed ID: 1679030

Title: The identification of two mis-sense mutations at the PAH gene locus in a Turkish patient with phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 1679030

DOI: 10.1007/bf00197153

PubMed ID: 1709636

Title: A 3-base pair in-frame deletion of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene results in a kinetic variant of phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 1709636

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92824-3

PubMed ID: 1358789

Title: Molecular basis for nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia.

PubMed ID: 1358789

DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80274-5

PubMed ID: 1355066

Title: Identification of a missense phenylketonuria mutation at codon 408 in Chinese.

PubMed ID: 1355066

DOI: 10.1007/bf00221944

PubMed ID: 1363837

Title: A new 15 bp deletion in exon 11 of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 1363837

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.9.763

PubMed ID: 1363838

Title: A new PKU mutation associated with haplotype 12.

PubMed ID: 1363838

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.9.765

PubMed ID: 8406445

Title: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria in Denmark: 99% of the mutations detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

PubMed ID: 8406445

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1295

PubMed ID: 8098245

Title: Illegitimate transcription of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in lymphocytes for identification of mutations in phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 8098245

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/2.1.31

PubMed ID: 8364546

Title: A novel missense mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene of a homozygous Pakistani patient with non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia.

PubMed ID: 8364546

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/2.7.1061

PubMed ID: 8068076

Title: Identification of a new missense mutation in Japanese phenylketonuric patients.

PubMed ID: 8068076

DOI: 10.1007/bf00711510

PubMed ID: 8088845

Title: Molecular heterogeneity of nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia in 25 Danish patients.

PubMed ID: 8088845

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1296

PubMed ID: 7833954

Title: Five novel missense mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 7833954

DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380040311

PubMed ID: 8889583

Title: PKU mutation (D143G) associated with an apparent high residual enzyme activity: expression of a kinetic variant form of phenylalanine hydroxylase in three different systems.

PubMed ID: 8889583

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1996)8:3<236::aid-humu7>3.0.co;2-7

PubMed ID: 8889590

Title: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in a population in Germany: mutational profile and nine novel mutations.

PubMed ID: 8889590

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1996)8:3<276::aid-humu14>3.0.co;2-#

PubMed ID: 9048935

Title: Two novel PAH gene mutations detected in Italian phenylketonuric patients.

PubMed ID: 9048935

DOI: 10.1007/s004390050353

PubMed ID: 9101291

Title: Prediction of multiple hypermutable codons in the human PAH gene: codon 280 contains recurrent mutations in Quebec and other populations.

PubMed ID: 9101291

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:4<316::aid-humu3>3.0.co;2-3

PubMed ID: 9634518

Title: A European multicenter study of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: classification of 105 mutations and a general system for genotype-based prediction of metabolic phenotype.

PubMed ID: 9634518

DOI: 10.1086/301920

PubMed ID: 9450897

Title: In vitro expression analysis of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase: linking genotype to phenotype and structure to function.

PubMed ID: 9450897

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:1<4::aid-humu2>3.0.co;2-l

PubMed ID: 9521426

Title: Eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia.

PubMed ID: 9521426

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:3<240::aid-humu9>3.0.co;2-l

PubMed ID: 9600453

Title: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria in Venezuela: presence of two novel null mutations.

PubMed ID: 9600453

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:5<354::aid-humu2>3.0.co;2-w

PubMed ID: 10200057

Title: Two novel mutations in exon 11 of the PAH gene (1163/1164 del TG and P362T) associated with classic phenylketonuria and mild phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 10200057

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:6<482::aid-humu15>3.0.co;2-e

PubMed ID: 9452061

Title: Identification of three novel mutations in Korean phenylketonuria patients: R53H, N207D, and Y325X.

PubMed ID: 9452061

DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380110140

PubMed ID: 9452062

Title: Identification of seven new mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, associated with hyperphenylalaninemia in the Belgian population.

PubMed ID: 9452062

DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380110141

PubMed ID: 9792407

Title: Mutation spectrum and phenylalanine hydroxylase RFLP/VNTR background in 44 Romanian phenylketonuric alleles.

PubMed ID: 9792407

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)12:5<314::aid-humu4>3.0.co;2-d

PubMed ID: 9792411

Title: Alterations in protein aggregation and degradation due to mild and severe missense mutations (A104D, R157N) in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 9792411

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)12:5<344::aid-humu8>3.0.co;2-d

PubMed ID: 9852673

Title: Mutation analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and its clinical implications in two Japanese patients with non-phenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia.

PubMed ID: 9852673

DOI: 10.1007/s100380050079

PubMed ID: 9950317

Title: Maternal phenylketonuria in two Sicilian families identified by maternal blood phenylalanine level screening and identification of a new phenylalanine hydroxylase gene mutation (P407L).

PubMed ID: 9950317

DOI: 10.1007/s004310051018

PubMed ID: 10679941

Title: Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia in eastern Germany: a characteristic molecular profile and 15 novel mutations.

PubMed ID: 10679941

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(200003)15:3<254::aid-humu6>3.0.co;2-w

PubMed ID: 11326337

Title: Missense mutations in the N-terminal domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase interfere with binding of regulatory phenylalanine.

PubMed ID: 11326337

DOI: 10.1086/320604

PubMed ID: 11180595

Title: Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 11180595

DOI: 10.1002/1098-1004(200102)17:2<122::aid-humu4>3.0.co;2-c

PubMed ID: 11385716

Title: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns from Texas.

PubMed ID: 11385716

DOI: 10.1002/humu.1141.abs

PubMed ID: 11461196

Title: A phenylalanine hydroxylase amino acid polymorphism with implications for molecular diagnostics.

PubMed ID: 11461196

DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3180

PubMed ID: 11935335

Title: Identification and characterization of a novel liver-specific enhancer of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 11935335

DOI: 10.1007/s00439-002-0677-7

PubMed ID: 12501224

Title: Tetrahydrobiopterin as an alternative treatment for mild phenylketonuria.

PubMed ID: 12501224

DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa021654

PubMed ID: 18538294

Title: Loss of function in phenylketonuria is caused by impaired molecular motions and conformational instability.

PubMed ID: 18538294

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.05.013

PubMed ID: 23792259

Title: Mutation analysis in Hyperphenylalaninemia patients from South Italy.

PubMed ID: 23792259

DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.009

PubMed ID: 22526846

Title: Prevalence of tetrahydrobiopterine (BH4)-responsive alleles among Austrian patients with PAH deficiency: comprehensive results from molecular analysis in 147 patients.

PubMed ID: 22526846

DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9485-y

PubMed ID: 22513348

Title: Five novel mutations and two large deletions in a population analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.

PubMed ID: 22513348

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.03.015

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 452
  • Mass: 51862
  • Checksum: 018F00EBBBDDCE2F
  • Sequence:
  • MSTAVLENPG LGRKLSDFGQ ETSYIEDNCN QNGAISLIFS LKEEVGALAK VLRLFEENDV 
    NLTHIESRPS RLKKDEYEFF THLDKRSLPA LTNIIKILRH DIGATVHELS RDKKKDTVPW 
    FPRTIQELDR FANQILSYGA ELDADHPGFK DPVYRARRKQ FADIAYNYRH GQPIPRVEYM 
    EEEKKTWGTV FKTLKSLYKT HACYEYNHIF PLLEKYCGFH EDNIPQLEDV SQFLQTCTGF 
    RLRPVAGLLS SRDFLGGLAF RVFHCTQYIR HGSKPMYTPE PDICHELLGH VPLFSDRSFA 
    QFSQEIGLAS LGAPDEYIEK LATIYWFTVE FGLCKQGDSI KAYGAGLLSS FGELQYCLSE 
    KPKLLPLELE KTAIQNYTVT EFQPLYYVAE SFNDAKEKVR NFAATIPRPF SVRYDPYTQR 
    IEVLDNTQQL KILADSINSE IGILCSALQK IK

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.