Details for: PRKN

Gene ID: 5071

Symbol: PRKN

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000185345

Description: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 188.8705
    Cell Significance Index: -76.7300
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 80.3672
    Cell Significance Index: -76.7300
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 35.3005
    Cell Significance Index: -94.5700
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 29.1626
    Cell Significance Index: -63.8300
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: 8.1312
    Cell Significance Index: 209.0100
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: 7.4813
    Cell Significance Index: 236.6200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 6.5255
    Cell Significance Index: 500.7600
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: 4.7899
    Cell Significance Index: 116.8700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: 4.5758
    Cell Significance Index: 65.7100
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 4.3460
    Cell Significance Index: 192.2400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 4.1771
    Cell Significance Index: 158.1800
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 3.9834
    Cell Significance Index: 1428.7900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 3.1616
    Cell Significance Index: 634.2100
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: 2.9431
    Cell Significance Index: 57.4400
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 2.6717
    Cell Significance Index: 530.2100
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 2.2713
    Cell Significance Index: 1570.9100
  • Cell Name: type II muscle cell (CL0002212)
    Fold Change: 2.2008
    Cell Significance Index: 35.5100
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 1.9975
    Cell Significance Index: 112.0900
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: 1.6542
    Cell Significance Index: 36.2200
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 1.4343
    Cell Significance Index: 88.1600
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 1.4014
    Cell Significance Index: 2638.7300
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 1.1729
    Cell Significance Index: 744.8900
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.9394
    Cell Significance Index: 1732.4900
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.9119
    Cell Significance Index: 1403.8300
  • Cell Name: adipocyte of breast (CL0002617)
    Fold Change: 0.9117
    Cell Significance Index: 11.4800
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.6968
    Cell Significance Index: 316.2700
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: 0.6784
    Cell Significance Index: 16.2700
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.6657
    Cell Significance Index: 905.1200
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: 0.4912
    Cell Significance Index: 24.8300
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: 0.3525
    Cell Significance Index: 6.0400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.3105
    Cell Significance Index: 59.0900
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: 0.1399
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7400
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.1336
    Cell Significance Index: 120.6100
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.1332
    Cell Significance Index: 24.0200
  • Cell Name: OFF midget ganglion cell (CL4033047)
    Fold Change: 0.0417
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0362
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4600
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0657
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0940
    Cell Significance Index: -68.9300
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1116
    Cell Significance Index: -16.2200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.1120
    Cell Significance Index: -82.9400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.1199
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3500
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.1352
    Cell Significance Index: -73.8200
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.1385
    Cell Significance Index: -104.8200
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.1534
    Cell Significance Index: -86.5100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.1590
    Cell Significance Index: -99.3100
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: -0.2167
    Cell Significance Index: -95.8000
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.2743
    Cell Significance Index: -78.9100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.2852
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2100
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.3082
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: -0.3092
    Cell Significance Index: -50.3000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.4142
    Cell Significance Index: -70.7200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.4624
    Cell Significance Index: -97.3900
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: -0.5033
    Cell Significance Index: -49.7900
  • Cell Name: ON midget ganglion cell (CL4033046)
    Fold Change: -0.5063
    Cell Significance Index: -6.3900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: -0.6079
    Cell Significance Index: -66.1300
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.6128
    Cell Significance Index: -84.1500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.6931
    Cell Significance Index: -89.5400
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.6937
    Cell Significance Index: -9.9400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.7193
    Cell Significance Index: -83.8300
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -0.7548
    Cell Significance Index: -16.1400
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.7718
    Cell Significance Index: -98.9400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.7933
    Cell Significance Index: -90.8900
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.8164
    Cell Significance Index: -83.4000
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.8167
    Cell Significance Index: -23.5300
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.8302
    Cell Significance Index: -97.9100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.8438
    Cell Significance Index: -38.2500
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.8693
    Cell Significance Index: -21.7300
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.8735
    Cell Significance Index: -18.5400
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.8898
    Cell Significance Index: -41.8200
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.9391
    Cell Significance Index: -59.1900
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: -0.9819
    Cell Significance Index: -67.9100
  • Cell Name: corneal endothelial cell (CL0000132)
    Fold Change: -1.0017
    Cell Significance Index: -15.2400
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -1.0055
    Cell Significance Index: -61.6500
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -1.0211
    Cell Significance Index: -20.1900
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -1.0239
    Cell Significance Index: -81.1000
  • Cell Name: regular ventricular cardiac myocyte (CL0002131)
    Fold Change: -1.0754
    Cell Significance Index: -13.7900
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: -1.1736
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8800
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: -1.1745
    Cell Significance Index: -70.5100
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -1.2103
    Cell Significance Index: -90.2000
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -1.2393
    Cell Significance Index: -24.8800
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -1.3139
    Cell Significance Index: -68.2600
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -1.3178
    Cell Significance Index: -41.9700
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -1.3996
    Cell Significance Index: -24.2000
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -1.4589
    Cell Significance Index: -75.9900
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -1.4634
    Cell Significance Index: -103.5000
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -1.5038
    Cell Significance Index: -97.0200
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -1.5076
    Cell Significance Index: -49.3600
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: -1.5103
    Cell Significance Index: -21.5000
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -1.5576
    Cell Significance Index: -81.7800
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -1.6530
    Cell Significance Index: -77.0700
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -1.6866
    Cell Significance Index: -36.4400
  • Cell Name: astrocyte (CL0000127)
    Fold Change: -1.7763
    Cell Significance Index: -20.3300
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -1.8700
    Cell Significance Index: -65.5100
  • Cell Name: regular atrial cardiac myocyte (CL0002129)
    Fold Change: -2.0747
    Cell Significance Index: -27.9800
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -2.1880
    Cell Significance Index: -95.1400
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -2.2297
    Cell Significance Index: -55.6200
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -2.2745
    Cell Significance Index: -21.5600
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -2.3008
    Cell Significance Index: -73.6900
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: -2.3083
    Cell Significance Index: -15.6400
  • Cell Name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023036)
    Fold Change: -2.3847
    Cell Significance Index: -49.7700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** 1. **RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase**: PRKN is a member of the RBR (RING, B-box, and coiled-coil) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are characterized by their ability to recognize specific protein substrates and mediate their ubiquitination. 2. **Mitochondrial localization**: PRKN is predominantly localized to mitochondria, where it plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial function, including autophagy and mitophagy. 3. **Autophagy regulation**: PRKN is involved in the regulation of autophagy, a process by which cells recycle damaged or dysfunctional cellular components, including mitochondria. 4. **Parkinson's disease association**: PRKN mutations have been associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. **Pathways and Functions** PRKN is involved in various cellular pathways, including: 1. **Autophagy**: PRKN regulates autophagy by interacting with other autophagy-related proteins, such as Parkin-interacting protein 1 (PINK1) and LC3. 2. **Mitophagy**: PRKN is involved in the regulation of mitophagy, a process by which damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively degraded. 3. **Antigen processing**: PRKN is involved in the regulation of antigen processing and presentation, which is critical for the initiation of immune responses. 4. **Regulation of gene expression**: PRKN regulates gene expression by interacting with transcription factors and modifying the ubiquitination status of target proteins. 5. **Protein homeostasis**: PRKN maintains protein homeostasis by regulating the ubiquitination and degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins. **Clinical Significance** PRKN mutations have been associated with: 1. **Parkinson's disease**: PRKN mutations are a common cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms, such as tremors and bradykinesia. 2. **Autophagy disorders**: PRKN mutations have been associated with autosomal recessive autophagy disorders, which are characterized by the accumulation of damaged or dysfunctional cellular components. 3. **Immune system dysfunction**: PRKN mutations have been linked to immune system dysfunction, including impaired antigen processing and presentation. 4. **Cardiac dysfunction**: PRKN mutations have been associated with cardiac dysfunction, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. In conclusion, PRKN is a multifunctional protein that plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis, regulating autophagy and mitophagy, and influencing immune system function. Its involvement in various cellular pathways and its association with neurological and cardiac disorders highlight the importance of PRKN in maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Genular Protein ID: 1055890305

Symbol: PRKN_HUMAN

Name: Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

O60260 A3FG77 A8K975 D3JZW7 D3K2X0 Q5TFV8 Q5VVX4 Q6Q2I6 Q8NI41 Q8NI43 Q8NI44 Q8WW07

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BMRB 1 BRENDA 2 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 3 CDD 5 CORUM 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 24 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DisProt 1 EC 1 EMBL 22 Ensembl 4 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 100 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneReviews 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 IDEAL 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 11 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 5 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 14 PDBsum 14 PIRSF 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 4 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 6 RNAct 1 Reactome 6 RefSeq 3 SIGNOR 1 SMART 2 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TCDB 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 UniProtKB 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9560156

Title: Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism.

PubMed ID: 9560156

DOI: 10.1038/33416

PubMed ID: 19501131

Title: Evidence for the presence of full-length PARK2 mRNA and Parkin protein in human blood.

PubMed ID: 19501131

DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.079

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 14574404

Title: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.

PubMed ID: 14574404

DOI: 10.1038/nature02055

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 10319893

Title: Immunohistochemical and subcellular localization of Parkin protein: absence of protein in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism patients.

PubMed ID: 10319893

DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199905)45:5<668::aid-ana19>3.0.co;2-z

PubMed ID: 10973942

Title: Parkin suppresses unfolded protein stress-induced cell death through its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.

PubMed ID: 10973942

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c000447200

PubMed ID: 10888878

Title: Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase.

PubMed ID: 10888878

DOI: 10.1038/77060

PubMed ID: 11078524

Title: Parkin functions as an E2-dependent ubiquitin-protein ligase and promotes the degradation of the synaptic vesicle-associated protein, CDCrel-1.

PubMed ID: 11078524

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240347797

PubMed ID: 11439185

Title: An unfolded putative transmembrane polypeptide, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is a substrate of Parkin.

PubMed ID: 11439185

DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00407-x

PubMed ID: 11590439

Title: Parkin ubiquitinates the alpha-synuclein-interacting protein, synphilin-1: implications for Lewy-body formation in Parkinson disease.

PubMed ID: 11590439

DOI: 10.1038/nm1001-1144

PubMed ID: 11431533

Title: Ubiquitination of a new form of alpha-synuclein by parkin from human brain: implications for Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 11431533

DOI: 10.1126/science.1060627

PubMed ID: 12446796

Title: Comparative genomics of the RBR family, including the Parkinson's disease-related gene parkin and the genes of the ariadne subfamily.

PubMed ID: 12446796

DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004029

PubMed ID: 12150907

Title: CHIP is associated with Parkin, a gene responsible for familial Parkinson's disease, and enhances its ubiquitin ligase activity.

PubMed ID: 12150907

DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00583-x

PubMed ID: 12925569

Title: The autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, interacts with and ubiquitinates synaptotagmin XI.

PubMed ID: 12925569

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg269

PubMed ID: 14532270

Title: A product of the human gene adjacent to parkin is a component of Lewy bodies and suppresses Pael receptor-induced cell death.

PubMed ID: 14532270

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309655200

PubMed ID: 12628165

Title: Parkin is a component of an SCF-like ubiquitin ligase complex and protects postmitotic neurons from kainate excitotoxicity.

PubMed ID: 12628165

DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00084-9

PubMed ID: 14614460

Title: Alterations in the common fragile site gene Parkin in ovarian and other cancers.

PubMed ID: 14614460

DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207072

PubMed ID: 12719539

Title: Parkin, a gene implicated in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 6q25-q27.

PubMed ID: 12719539

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0931262100

PubMed ID: 15229644

Title: How does parkin ligate ubiquitin to Parkinson's disease?

PubMed ID: 15229644

DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400188

PubMed ID: 15105460

Title: S-nitrosylation of parkin regulates ubiquitination and compromises parkin's protective function.

PubMed ID: 15105460

DOI: 10.1126/science.1093891

PubMed ID: 15987638

Title: Parkin interacts with the proteasome subunit alpha4.

PubMed ID: 15987638

DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.003

PubMed ID: 15728840

Title: Parkin mediates nonclassical, proteasomal-independent ubiquitination of synphilin-1: implications for Lewy body formation.

PubMed ID: 15728840

DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4474-04.2005

PubMed ID: 16135753

Title: Accumulation of the authentic parkin substrate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase cofactor, p38/JTV-1, leads to catecholaminergic cell death.

PubMed ID: 16135753

DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2172-05.2005

PubMed ID: 16352719

Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) interacts with parkin and mutant LRRK2 induces neuronal degeneration.

PubMed ID: 16352719

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508052102

PubMed ID: 16332688

Title: Parkin ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of RanBP2.

PubMed ID: 16332688

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504994200

PubMed ID: 16955485

Title: Functional modulation of parkin through physical interaction with SUMO-1.

PubMed ID: 16955485

DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21041

PubMed ID: 17846173

Title: Parkin-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination targets misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes via binding to HDAC6.

PubMed ID: 17846173

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611128

PubMed ID: 18957282

Title: PINK1 controls mitochondrial localization of Parkin through direct phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18957282

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.104

PubMed ID: 19029340

Title: Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy.

PubMed ID: 19029340

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200809125

PubMed ID: 18541373

Title: Parkin is ubiquitinated by Nrdp1 and abrogates Nrdp1-induced oxidative stress.

PubMed ID: 18541373

DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.052

PubMed ID: 19229105

Title: Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex promoting unfolded protein degradation.

PubMed ID: 19229105

DOI: 10.1172/jci37617

PubMed ID: 19801972

Title: Transcriptional repression of p53 by parkin and impairment by mutations associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 19801972

DOI: 10.1038/ncb1981

PubMed ID: 20798600

Title: The PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is compromised by PD-associated mutations.

PubMed ID: 20798600

DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.7.13286

PubMed ID: 20889974

Title: Parkin mono-ubiquitinates Bcl-2 and regulates autophagy.

PubMed ID: 20889974

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.101469

PubMed ID: 19966284

Title: PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 19966284

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911187107

PubMed ID: 21376232

Title: PARIS (ZNF746) repression of PGC-1alpha contributes to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 21376232

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.010

PubMed ID: 20889486

Title: Molecular chaperone-mediated rescue of mitophagy by a Parkin RING1 domain mutant.

PubMed ID: 20889486

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq428

PubMed ID: 21753002

Title: Parkin interacts with Ambra1 to induce mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 21753002

DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1917-11.2011

PubMed ID: 21532592

Title: UBCH7 reactivity profile reveals parkin and HHARI to be RING/HECT hybrids.

PubMed ID: 21532592

DOI: 10.1038/nature09966

PubMed ID: 22082830

Title: Parkin interacts with Klokin1 for mitochondrial import and maintenance of membrane potential.

PubMed ID: 22082830

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr530

PubMed ID: 22396657

Title: Parkinson's disease-associated kinase PINK1 regulates Miro protein level and axonal transport of mitochondria.

PubMed ID: 22396657

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002537

PubMed ID: 23754282

Title: Parkin-catalyzed ubiquitin-ester transfer is triggered by PINK1-dependent phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 23754282

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467530

PubMed ID: 23685073

Title: Mutations in the intellectual disability gene Ube2a cause neuronal dysfunction and impair parkin-dependent mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 23685073

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.012

PubMed ID: 23933751

Title: The Parkinson's disease-linked proteins Fbxo7 and Parkin interact to mediate mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 23933751

DOI: 10.1038/nn.3489

PubMed ID: 24270810

Title: High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 24270810

DOI: 10.1038/nature12748

PubMed ID: 23770917

Title: A molecular explanation for the recessive nature of parkin-linked Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 23770917

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2983

PubMed ID: 23620051

Title: PINK1-phosphorylated mitofusin 2 is a Parkin receptor for culling damaged mitochondria.

PubMed ID: 23620051

DOI: 10.1126/science.1231031

PubMed ID: 24660806

Title: Parkin is activated by PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of ubiquitin at Ser65.

PubMed ID: 24660806

DOI: 10.1042/bj20140334

PubMed ID: 24898855

Title: MUL1 acts in parallel to the PINK1/parkin pathway in regulating mitofusin and compensates for loss of PINK1/parkin.

PubMed ID: 24898855

DOI: 10.7554/elife.01958

PubMed ID: 25474007

Title: Phosphorylation of mitochondrial polyubiquitin by PINK1 promotes Parkin mitochondrial tethering.

PubMed ID: 25474007

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004861

PubMed ID: 24751536

Title: PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

PubMed ID: 24751536

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402104

PubMed ID: 24784582

Title: Ubiquitin is phosphorylated by PINK1 to activate parkin.

PubMed ID: 24784582

DOI: 10.1038/nature13392

PubMed ID: 24896179

Title: The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 24896179

DOI: 10.1038/nature13418

PubMed ID: 25527291

Title: Ubiquitin Ser65 phosphorylation affects ubiquitin structure, chain assembly and hydrolysis.

PubMed ID: 25527291

DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489847

PubMed ID: 25621951

Title: USP30 and parkin homeostatically regulate atypical ubiquitin chains on mitochondria.

PubMed ID: 25621951

DOI: 10.1038/ncb3097

PubMed ID: 27534820

Title: Covalent ISG15 conjugation positively regulates the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of parkin.

PubMed ID: 27534820

DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160193

PubMed ID: 32047033

Title: Decision between mitophagy and apoptosis by Parkin via VDAC1 ubiquitination.

PubMed ID: 32047033

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909814117

PubMed ID: 33499712

Title: Mammalian BCAS3 and C16orf70 associate with the phagophore assembly site in response to selective and non-selective autophagy.

PubMed ID: 33499712

DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874133

PubMed ID: 12634850

Title: Parkin binds the Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasomes through its ubiquitin-like domain.

PubMed ID: 12634850

DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor764

PubMed ID: 17360614

Title: Structure of the Parkin in-between-ring domain provides insights for E3-ligase dysfunction in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 17360614

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610548104

PubMed ID: 23727886

Title: Structure of the human Parkin ligase domain in an autoinhibited state.

PubMed ID: 23727886

DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.125

PubMed ID: 23770887

Title: Structure and function of Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase reveals aspects of RING and HECT ligases.

PubMed ID: 23770887

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2982

PubMed ID: 14976155

Title: Parkin genetics: one model for Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 14976155

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh089

PubMed ID: 9731209

Title: Point mutations (Thr240Arg and Gln311Stop) in the Parkin gene.

PubMed ID: 9731209

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9134

PubMed ID: 10072423

Title: A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe.

PubMed ID: 10072423

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.4.567

PubMed ID: 10511432

Title: Association of codon 167 Ser/Asn heterozygosity in the parkin gene with sporadic Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 10511432

DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199909090-00008

PubMed ID: 10939576

Title: Novel mutations, pseudo-dominant inheritance, and possible familial affects in patients with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism.

PubMed ID: 10939576

DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2<245::aid-ana15>3.3.co;2-u

PubMed ID: 10965160

Title: Polymorphisms of the parkin gene in sporadic Parkinson's disease among Chinese in Taiwan.

PubMed ID: 10965160

DOI: 10.1159/000008203

PubMed ID: 10824074

Title: Association between early-onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene.

PubMed ID: 10824074

DOI: 10.1056/nejm200005253422103

PubMed ID: 11179010

Title: Origin of the mutations in the parkin gene in Europe: exon rearrangements are independent recurrent events, whereas point mutations may result from founder effects.

PubMed ID: 11179010

DOI: 10.1086/318791

PubMed ID: 11487568

Title: The importance of gene dosage studies: mutational analysis of the parkin gene in early-onset parkinsonism.

PubMed ID: 11487568

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.16.1649

PubMed ID: 11163284

Title: A novel Cys212Tyr founder mutation in parkin and allelic heterogeneity of juvenile parkinsonism in a population from North West Colombia.

PubMed ID: 11163284

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01733-x

PubMed ID: 12116199

Title: Complex relationship between parkin mutations and Parkinson disease.

PubMed ID: 12116199

DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10525

PubMed ID: 12112109

Title: Role of parkin mutations in 111 community-based patients with early-onset parkinsonism.

PubMed ID: 12112109

DOI: 10.1002/ana.10179

PubMed ID: 12056932

Title: Molecular findings in familial Parkinson disease in Spain.

PubMed ID: 12056932

DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.6.966

PubMed ID: 12114481

Title: Linkage stratification and mutation analysis at the parkin locus identifies mutation positive Parkinson's disease families.

PubMed ID: 12114481

DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.7.489

PubMed ID: 12397156

Title: Relative high frequency of the c.255delA parkin gene mutation in Spanish patients with autosomal recessive parkinsonism.

PubMed ID: 12397156

DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.73.5.582

PubMed ID: 11971093

Title: Evaluation of 50 probands with early-onset Parkinson's disease for parkin mutations.

PubMed ID: 11971093

DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.8.1239

PubMed ID: 12362318

Title: A new point mutation on exon 2 of parkin gene in Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 12362318

PubMed ID: 12730996

Title: Parkin mutations and susceptibility alleles in late-onset Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 12730996

DOI: 10.1002/ana.10524

PubMed ID: 12629236

Title: Heterozygosity for a mutation in the parkin gene leads to later onset Parkinson disease.

PubMed ID: 12629236

DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000049470.00180.07

PubMed ID: 12781599

Title: Parkin mutations are rare in patients with young-onset parkinsonism in a US population.

PubMed ID: 12781599

DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(03)00018-x

PubMed ID: 15584030

Title: Novel parkin mutations detected in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 15584030

DOI: 10.1002/mds.20343

PubMed ID: 20404107

Title: PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy.

PubMed ID: 20404107

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200910140

PubMed ID: 22956510

Title: Systematic review and UK-based study of PARK2 (parkin), PINK1, PARK7 (DJ-1) and LRRK2 in early-onset Parkinson's disease.

PubMed ID: 22956510

DOI: 10.1002/mds.25132

PubMed ID: 27535533

Title: Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans.

PubMed ID: 27535533

DOI: 10.1038/nature19057

PubMed ID: 29311685

Title: Synaptotagmin-11 is a critical mediator of parkin-linked neurotoxicity and Parkinson's disease-like pathology.

PubMed ID: 29311685

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02593-y

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 465
  • Mass: 51641
  • Checksum: 9A8BB802A3FC84C3
  • Sequence:
    • MIVFVRFNSS HGFPVEVDSD TSIFQLKEVV AKRQGVPADQ LRVIFAGKEL RNDWTVQNCD 
LDQQSIVHIV QRPWRKGQEM NATGGDDPRN AAGGCEREPQ SLTRVDLSSS VLPGDSVGLA 
VILHTDSRKD SPPAGSPAGR SIYNSFYVYC KGPCQRVQPG KLRVQCSTCR QATLTLTQGP 
SCWDDVLIPN RMSGECQSPH CPGTSAEFFF KCGAHPTSDK ETSVALHLIA TNSRNITCIT 
CTDVRSPVLV FQCNSRHVIC LDCFHLYCVT RLNDRQFVHD PQLGYSLPCV AGCPNSLIKE 
LHHFRILGEE QYNRYQQYGA EECVLQMGGV LCPRPGCGAG LLPEPDQRKV TCEGGNGLGC 
GFAFCRECKE AYHEGECSAV FEASGTTTQA YRVDERAAEQ ARWEAASKET IKKTTKPCPR 
CHVPVEKNGG CMHMKCPQPQ CRLEWCWNCG CEWNRVCMGD HWFDV

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.