Details for: OTX2

Gene ID: 5015

Symbol: OTX2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165588

Description: orthodenticle homeobox 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: photoreceptor cell (CL0000210)
    Fold Change: 16.0174
    Cell Significance Index: 224.9700
  • Cell Name: cone retinal bipolar cell (CL0000752)
    Fold Change: 10.3102
    Cell Significance Index: 79.4700
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 8.0669
    Cell Significance Index: 508.4300
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: 6.7287
    Cell Significance Index: 80.2100
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: 6.0024
    Cell Significance Index: 872.5200
  • Cell Name: OFF-bipolar cell (CL0000750)
    Fold Change: 2.0173
    Cell Significance Index: 17.7700
  • Cell Name: ON-bipolar cell (CL0000749)
    Fold Change: 1.0003
    Cell Significance Index: 11.3000
  • Cell Name: retinal bipolar neuron (CL0000748)
    Fold Change: 0.9768
    Cell Significance Index: 11.8400
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.3500
    Cell Significance Index: 19.6400
  • Cell Name: bipolar neuron (CL0000103)
    Fold Change: 0.2256
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2700
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.1249
    Cell Significance Index: 235.2400
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4000
  • Cell Name: colon endothelial cell (CL1001572)
    Fold Change: 0.0000
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0000
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0098
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0600
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0108
    Cell Significance Index: -16.7000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0233
    Cell Significance Index: -17.2800
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0275
    Cell Significance Index: -12.4800
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0301
    Cell Significance Index: -16.9700
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0377
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8600
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0802
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3800
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0881
    Cell Significance Index: -17.4900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0898
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0200
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.1041
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2600
  • Cell Name: rod bipolar cell (CL0000751)
    Fold Change: -0.1090
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2500
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.1355
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1527
    Cell Significance Index: -17.4900
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.1531
    Cell Significance Index: -15.9400
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.1666
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0000
  • Cell Name: retinal cone cell (CL0000573)
    Fold Change: -0.1935
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4200
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of artery (CL1000413)
    Fold Change: -0.2061
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1700
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.2542
    Cell Significance Index: -17.0900
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: -0.2565
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2200
  • Cell Name: retinal pigment epithelial cell (CL0002586)
    Fold Change: -0.2836
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0500
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.3175
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6700
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.3592
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.3781
    Cell Significance Index: -17.1400
  • Cell Name: flat midget bipolar cell (CL4033033)
    Fold Change: -0.4433
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5100
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.4609
    Cell Significance Index: -11.1700
  • Cell Name: invaginating midget bipolar cell (CL4033034)
    Fold Change: -0.4748
    Cell Significance Index: -5.8600
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.4759
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0200
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.5024
    Cell Significance Index: -17.6000
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.5376
    Cell Significance Index: -17.6000
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.5467
    Cell Significance Index: -17.2900
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.5470
    Cell Significance Index: -17.4200
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.5672
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0600
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.5992
    Cell Significance Index: -17.1000
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.6248
    Cell Significance Index: -13.6800
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.6475
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3500
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.6509
    Cell Significance Index: -17.1200
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.6565
    Cell Significance Index: -17.5300
  • Cell Name: diffuse bipolar 1 cell (CL4033027)
    Fold Change: -0.6989
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5500
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.7056
    Cell Significance Index: -17.6000
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.7092
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0700
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.7219
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0300
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: -0.7565
    Cell Significance Index: -14.7900
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.7627
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2300
  • Cell Name: diffuse bipolar 2 cell (CL4033028)
    Fold Change: -0.7938
    Cell Significance Index: -9.7500
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.8354
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0500
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.8370
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6900
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.8486
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0100
  • Cell Name: neuronal brush cell (CL0000555)
    Fold Change: -0.8818
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5700
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.8972
    Cell Significance Index: -17.7400
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.8976
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0200
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: -0.9026
    Cell Significance Index: -10.5300
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.9034
    Cell Significance Index: -17.7800
  • Cell Name: retinal astrocyte (CL4033015)
    Fold Change: -0.9449
    Cell Significance Index: -9.2500
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.9678
    Cell Significance Index: -13.8600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: -0.9740
    Cell Significance Index: -16.0500
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    Fold Change: -0.9741
    Cell Significance Index: -13.5100
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.9887
    Cell Significance Index: -16.5500
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -1.0000
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8200
  • Cell Name: tracheal goblet cell (CL1000329)
    Fold Change: -1.0041
    Cell Significance Index: -8.3000
  • Cell Name: diffuse bipolar 4 cell (CL4033031)
    Fold Change: -1.0075
    Cell Significance Index: -12.2600
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -1.0162
    Cell Significance Index: -17.5700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: -1.0173
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3900
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -1.0239
    Cell Significance Index: -29.5000
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -1.0318
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3800
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: -1.0337
    Cell Significance Index: -14.1800
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: -1.0706
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3400
  • Cell Name: ON parasol ganglion cell (CL4033052)
    Fold Change: -1.0725
    Cell Significance Index: -13.3600
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000038)
    Fold Change: -1.0785
    Cell Significance Index: -14.1100
  • Cell Name: regulatory T cell (CL0000815)
    Fold Change: -1.0923
    Cell Significance Index: -12.6700
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -1.0942
    Cell Significance Index: -16.1600
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: -1.1011
    Cell Significance Index: -14.2500
  • Cell Name: suprabasal keratinocyte (CL4033013)
    Fold Change: -1.1443
    Cell Significance Index: -18.4000
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -1.1444
    Cell Significance Index: -17.2500
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -1.1529
    Cell Significance Index: -15.7300
  • Cell Name: radial glial cell (CL0000681)
    Fold Change: -1.1577
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8700
  • Cell Name: diffuse bipolar 3b cell (CL4033030)
    Fold Change: -1.1577
    Cell Significance Index: -13.9500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell (CL0000837)
    Fold Change: -1.1838
    Cell Significance Index: -14.2900
  • Cell Name: corneal endothelial cell (CL0000132)
    Fold Change: -1.1845
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0200
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: -1.2014
    Cell Significance Index: -15.1800
  • Cell Name: choroid plexus epithelial cell (CL0000706)
    Fold Change: -1.2017
    Cell Significance Index: -14.3000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: -1.2128
    Cell Significance Index: -18.4200
  • Cell Name: cytotoxic T cell (CL0000910)
    Fold Change: -1.2151
    Cell Significance Index: -17.7100
  • Cell Name: hippocampal astrocyte (CL0002604)
    Fold Change: -1.2157
    Cell Significance Index: -17.0000
  • Cell Name: Sertoli cell (CL0000216)
    Fold Change: -1.2184
    Cell Significance Index: -17.0900
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell (CL0000064)
    Fold Change: -1.2330
    Cell Significance Index: -13.3500
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte precursor cell (CL0002453)
    Fold Change: -1.2474
    Cell Significance Index: -16.2800
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: -1.2553
    Cell Significance Index: -17.8700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Transcription Factor:** OTX2 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of target genes involved in developmental processes. 2. **Homeobox Gene:** OTX2 belongs to the homeobox gene family, which encodes transcription factors that play a crucial role in embryonic development. 3. **Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation:** OTX2 is involved in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, a type of neuron that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine. 4. **Forebrain and Midbrain Development:** OTX2 regulates the development of the forebrain and midbrain, two critical regions of the brain involved in various cognitive and motor functions. 5. **Eye Development:** OTX2 is essential for the development of the eye, particularly in the formation of the anterior and posterior neural plates. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Axon Guidance:** OTX2 regulates the expression of genes involved in axon guidance, influencing the development of the nervous system. 2. **Chromatin Remodeling:** OTX2 interacts with chromatin remodeling complexes to regulate gene expression. 3. **DNA-Binding Transcription Activator Activity:** OTX2 acts as a transcription activator, binding to specific DNA sequences and regulating the expression of target genes. 4. **RNA Polymerase II-Specific:** OTX2 regulates the expression of genes involved in transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase II. 5. **Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway:** OTX2 regulates the expression of genes involved in the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway, influencing cell proliferation and differentiation. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Neurodevelopmental Disorders:** OTX2 has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. 2. **Eye Disorders:** Aberrant expression of OTX2 has been linked to eye disorders, including congenital cataracts and retinal degeneration. 3. **Cancer:** OTX2 has been identified as a potential oncogene in various types of cancer, including breast cancer and ovarian cancer. 4. **Regenerative Medicine:** OTX2 has been explored as a potential therapeutic target for regenerative medicine applications, including tissue engineering and gene therapy. In conclusion, OTX2 is a crucial transcription factor involved in various developmental processes, including axon guidance, forebrain development, midbrain development, and eye development. Aberrant expression of OTX2 has been implicated in several diseases, including neurodevelopmental disorders, eye disorders, and cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of OTX2 in human disease and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

Genular Protein ID: 1637607075

Symbol: OTX2_HUMAN

Name: Homeobox protein OTX2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8101484

Title: A vertebrate gene related to orthodenticle contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and demarcates anterior neuroectoderm in the gastrulating mouse embryo.

PubMed ID: 8101484

DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05935.x

PubMed ID: 10372988

Title: Elements regulating the transcription of human interstitial retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) gene in cultured retinoblastoma cells.

PubMed ID: 10372988

DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.18.4.283.5360

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 15846561

Title: Heterozygous mutations of OTX2 cause severe ocular malformations.

PubMed ID: 15846561

DOI: 10.1086/430721

PubMed ID: 19414065

Title: Expression of the homeobox genes PAX6, OTX2, and OTX1 in the early human fetal retina.

PubMed ID: 19414065

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.04.004

PubMed ID: 19956411

Title: A rare de novo nonsense mutation in OTX2 causes early onset retinal dystrophy and pituitary dysfunction.

PubMed ID: 19956411

PubMed ID: 22577225

Title: OTX2 mutations contribute to the otocephaly-dysgnathia complex.

PubMed ID: 22577225

DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100892

PubMed ID: 24167467

Title: Otocephaly-Dysgnathia Complex: Description of Four Cases and Confirmation of the Role of OTX2.

PubMed ID: 24167467

DOI: 10.1159/000353727

PubMed ID: 25293953

Title: OTX2 mutations cause autosomal dominant pattern dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.

PubMed ID: 25293953

DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102620

PubMed ID: 18728160

Title: A novel dominant negative mutation of OTX2 associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.

PubMed ID: 18728160

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1189

PubMed ID: 20396904

Title: A novel loss-of-function mutation in OTX2 in a patient with anophthalmia and isolated growth hormone deficiency.

PubMed ID: 20396904

DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0820-9

PubMed ID: 22715480

Title: A novel OTX2 mutation in a patient with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, pituitary malformation, and an underdeveloped left optic nerve.

PubMed ID: 22715480

DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0333

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 289
  • Mass: 31636
  • Checksum: 66B86D5EAD6E2E7A
  • Sequence:
  • MMSYLKQPPY AVNGLSLTTS GMDLLHPSVG YPATPRKQRR ERTTFTRAQL DVLEALFAKT 
    RYPDIFMREE VALKINLPES RVQVWFKNRR AKCRQQQQQQ QNGGQNKVRP AKKKTSPARE 
    VSSESGTSGQ FTPPSSTSVP TIASSSAPVS IWSPASISPL SDPLSTSSSC MQRSYPMTYT 
    QASGYSQGYA GSTSYFGGMD CGSYLTPMHH QLPGPGATLS PMGTNAVTSH LNQSPASLST 
    QGYGASSLGF NSTTDCLDYK DQTASWKLNF NADCLDYKDQ TSSWKFQVL

Genular Protein ID: 2661329561

Symbol: F1T0C9_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 12508121

Title: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14.

PubMed ID: 12508121

DOI: 10.1038/nature01348

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 21697133

Title: Full-length transcriptome analysis of human retina-derived cell lines ARPE-19 and Y79 using the vector-capping method.

PubMed ID: 21697133

DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7479

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 35
  • Mass: 3756
  • Checksum: 696B675F92205188
  • Sequence:
  • MMSYLKQPPY AVNGLSLTTS GMDLLHPSVG YPGMV

Genular Protein ID: 1770247222

Symbol: F1T0D0_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 21697133

Title: Full-length transcriptome analysis of human retina-derived cell lines ARPE-19 and Y79 using the vector-capping method.

PubMed ID: 21697133

DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7479

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 268
  • Mass: 29396
  • Checksum: 70675C1701E5FC7F
  • Sequence:
  • MDLLHPSVGY PATPRKQRRE RTTFTRAQLD VLEALFAKTR YPDIFMREEV ALKINLPESR 
    VQVWFKNRRA KCRQQQQQQQ NGGQNKVRPA KKKTSPAREV SSESGTSGQF TPPSSTSVPT 
    IASSSAPVSI WSPASISPLS DPLSTSSSCM QRSYPMTYTQ ASGYSQGYAG STSYFGGMDC 
    GSYLTPMHHQ LPGPGATLSP MGTNAVTSHL NQSPASLSTQ GYGASSLGFN STTDCLDYKD 
    QTASWKLNFN ADCLDYKDQT SSWKFQVL

Genular Protein ID: 1404609544

Symbol: F1T0D1_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11181995

Title: The sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11181995

DOI: 10.1126/science.1058040

PubMed ID: 21697133

Title: Full-length transcriptome analysis of human retina-derived cell lines ARPE-19 and Y79 using the vector-capping method.

PubMed ID: 21697133

DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7479

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 297
  • Mass: 32406
  • Checksum: DB4A3AE99DDA6F6A
  • Sequence:
  • MMSYLKQPPY AVNGLSLTTS GMDLLHPSVG YPGPWASCPA ATPRKQRRER TTFTRAQLDV 
    LEALFAKTRY PDIFMREEVA LKINLPESRV QVWFKNRRAK CRQQQQQQQN GGQNKVRPAK 
    KKTSPAREVS SESGTSGQFT PPSSTSVPTI ASSSAPVSIW SPASISPLSD PLSTSSSCMQ 
    RSYPMTYTQA SGYSQGYAGS TSYFGGMDCG SYLTPMHHQL PGPGATLSPM GTNAVTSHLN 
    QSPASLSTQG YGASSLGFNS TTDCLDYKDQ TASWKLNFNA DCLDYKDQTS SWKFQVL

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.