Details for: PTH

Gene ID: 5741

Symbol: PTH

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000152266

Description: parathyroid hormone

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: 1.3242
    Cell Significance Index: 25.8900
  • Cell Name: cytotoxic T cell (CL0000910)
    Fold Change: 1.2569
    Cell Significance Index: 18.3200
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 1.0688
    Cell Significance Index: 18.2700
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 0.8756
    Cell Significance Index: 21.2100
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: 0.7500
    Cell Significance Index: 10.2900
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: 0.6932
    Cell Significance Index: 8.9700
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell (CL0011026)
    Fold Change: 0.4283
    Cell Significance Index: 4.5500
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 0.3016
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: 0.1932
    Cell Significance Index: 4.2300
  • Cell Name: luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002326)
    Fold Change: 0.1499
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of sweat gland (CL1000448)
    Fold Change: 0.1399
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1000
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: 0.0840
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3600
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 0.0397
    Cell Significance Index: 1.0700
  • Cell Name: luminal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002340)
    Fold Change: 0.0251
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2600
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract (CL0002632)
    Fold Change: 0.0223
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2500
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: 0.0171
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2600
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.0151
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0064
    Cell Significance Index: 0.7500
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.0059
    Cell Significance Index: 1.1900
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.0022
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4400
  • Cell Name: plasmacytoid dendritic cell (CL0000784)
    Fold Change: 0.0015
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0200
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0300
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0003
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5300
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0005
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9500
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0005
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0013
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0016
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0016
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9200
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0019
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0021
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0027
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4600
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0031
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5700
  • Cell Name: fetal cardiomyocyte (CL0002495)
    Fold Change: -0.0035
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0036
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7600
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0050
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0056
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0060
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7400
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0069
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0000
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.0071
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3700
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0077
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5200
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0116
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2400
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0124
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9500
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: -0.0128
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2600
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0140
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0143
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.0149
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0157
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8800
  • Cell Name: granule cell (CL0000120)
    Fold Change: -0.0176
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2000
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0188
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.0204
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4100
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.0213
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0223
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7800
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.0228
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7300
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0229
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7500
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.0231
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0200
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3400
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.0236
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5000
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0238
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.0259
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9800
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.0270
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.0281
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.0296
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7400
  • Cell Name: endocrine cell (CL0000163)
    Fold Change: -0.0298
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: glutamatergic neuron (CL0000679)
    Fold Change: -0.0303
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3300
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.0309
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7700
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.0314
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.0318
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.0322
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal interneuron (CL1001569)
    Fold Change: -0.0324
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: melanocyte of skin (CL1000458)
    Fold Change: -0.0328
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4600
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: -0.0343
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.0346
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.0351
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6900
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0363
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.0366
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.0369
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3500
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.0369
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9200
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: -0.0384
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4900
  • Cell Name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023036)
    Fold Change: -0.0393
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8200
  • Cell Name: cell of skeletal muscle (CL0000188)
    Fold Change: -0.0398
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5100
  • Cell Name: photoreceptor cell (CL0000210)
    Fold Change: -0.0399
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5600
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.0400
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of thymus (CL0002293)
    Fold Change: -0.0403
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3100
  • Cell Name: inhibitory interneuron (CL0000498)
    Fold Change: -0.0422
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5100
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: -0.0430
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0500
  • Cell Name: stellate neuron (CL0000122)
    Fold Change: -0.0449
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5100
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -0.0451
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7800
  • Cell Name: syncytiotrophoblast cell (CL0000525)
    Fold Change: -0.0453
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4300
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.0461
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.0466
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9300
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.0482
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: acinar cell (CL0000622)
    Fold Change: -0.0486
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6100
  • Cell Name: squamous epithelial cell (CL0000076)
    Fold Change: -0.0506
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.0514
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030063)
    Fold Change: -0.0534
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5900
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: -0.0536
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5800
  • Cell Name: hippocampal astrocyte (CL0002604)
    Fold Change: -0.0536
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7500
  • Cell Name: innate lymphoid cell (CL0001065)
    Fold Change: -0.0560
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7200
  • Cell Name: L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030059)
    Fold Change: -0.0563
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7500

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Structure:** PTH is a 84-amino acid peptide hormone, consisting of two disulfide-linked subunits. 2. **Function:** PTH regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption in the gut. 3. **Receptors:** PTH binds to two types of receptors, PTH1R and PTH2R, which are G-protein coupled receptors that activate various signaling pathways. 4. **Cellular Expression:** PTH is expressed in various cell types, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and parathyroid cells. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Bone Mineralization:** PTH stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone matrix, promoting bone mineralization. 2. **Bone Resorption:** PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone tissue, releasing calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream. 3. **Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis:** PTH regulates calcium and phosphate levels by modulating their absorption and excretion in the kidneys. 4. **Cell Signaling:** PTH activates various signaling pathways, including the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, adenylate cyclase pathway, and Rho protein signaling. 5. **Gene Regulation:** PTH regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, influencing the expression of genes involved in bone metabolism. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Primary Hyperparathyroidism:** Excessive PTH secretion can lead to hypercalcemia, bone disease, and kidney stones. 2. **Hypoparathyroidism:** Deficiency of PTH can lead to hypocalcemia, neuromuscular symptoms, and bone disease. 3. **Osteoporosis:** Abnormal PTH signaling can contribute to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by bone loss and increased fracture risk. 4. **Bone Metabolism Disorders:** PTH dysregulation can contribute to various bone metabolism disorders, including Paget's disease and fibrous dysplasia. In conclusion, PTH plays a critical role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone health. Understanding the mechanisms of PTH signaling and its clinical significance is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of bone-related disorders. **References:** 1. Brown EM, et al. (2013). Parathyroid hormone and its receptors. Endocrine Reviews, 34(2), 161-185. 2. Kumar V, et al. (2017). Parathyroid hormone and bone metabolism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 102(11), 3821-3832. 3. Raisz LG, et al. (2008). Regulation of bone resorption. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(11), 3567-3575.

Genular Protein ID: 3686908245

Symbol: PTHY_HUMAN

Name: Parathyroid hormone

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P01270 Q4VB48 Q9UD38

Database IDs:

ABCD 1 AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BMRB 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CORUM 1 CTD 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 2 EMBL 6 EMDB 9 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 GO 43 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 2 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MalaCards 1 MetOSite 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 24 PDBsum 24 PIR 1 PIRSF 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 6950381

Title: Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs encoding human preproparathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 6950381

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7365

PubMed ID: 6220408

Title: Nucleotide sequence of the human parathyroid hormone gene.

PubMed ID: 6220408

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2127

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 7829495

Title: Inefficient membrane targeting, translocation, and proteolytic processing by signal peptidase of a mutant preproparathyroid hormone protein.

PubMed ID: 7829495

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1629

PubMed ID: 4833516

Title: Structural analysis of human proparathyroid hormone by a new microsequencing approach.

PubMed ID: 4833516

DOI: 10.1038/249155a0

PubMed ID: 15340161

Title: Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites.

PubMed ID: 15340161

DOI: 10.1110/ps.04682504

PubMed ID: 4521809

Title: The amino-acid sequence of the amino-terminal 37 residues of human parathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 4521809

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.2.384

PubMed ID: 728431

Title: Complete amino acid sequence of human parathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 728431

DOI: 10.1021/bi00619a019

PubMed ID: 1125201

Title: A reinvestigation of the amino-terminal sequence of human parathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 1125201

DOI: 10.1021/bi00680a006

PubMed ID: 4474131

Title: Solid-phase synthesis of the biologically active N-terminal 1-34 peptide of human parathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 4474131

DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.1.415

PubMed ID: 4721748

Title: Synthesis of sequence 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone.

PubMed ID: 4721748

DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19730560139

PubMed ID: 21076856

Title: Stimulation of glucose transport in osteoblastic cells by parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor I.

PubMed ID: 21076856

DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0634-z

PubMed ID: 2069952

Title: Investigation of the solution structure of the human parathyroid hormone fragment (1-34) by 1H NMR spectroscopy, distance geometry, and molecular dynamics calculations.

PubMed ID: 2069952

DOI: 10.1021/bi00242a018

PubMed ID: 8344299

Title: Stabilized NMR structure of human parathyroid hormone(1-34).

PubMed ID: 8344299

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18037.x

PubMed ID: 7797503

Title: Structure of human parathyroid hormone 1-37 in solution.

PubMed ID: 7797503

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15194

PubMed ID: 10623601

Title: Solution structures of human parathyroid hormone fragments hPTH(1-34) and hPTH(1-39) and bovine parathyroid hormone fragment bPTH(1-37).

PubMed ID: 10623601

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1958

PubMed ID: 10837469

Title: Crystal structure of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 at 0.9-A resolution.

PubMed ID: 10837469

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001134200

PubMed ID: 18375760

Title: Molecular recognition of parathyroid hormone by its G protein-coupled receptor.

PubMed ID: 18375760

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801027105

PubMed ID: 2212001

Title: Mutation of the signal peptide-encoding region of the preproparathyroid hormone gene in familial isolated hypoparathyroidism.

PubMed ID: 2212001

DOI: 10.1172/jci114811

PubMed ID: 10523031

Title: A novel mutation of the signal peptide of the preproparathyroid hormone gene associated with autosomal recessive familial isolated hypoparathyroidism.

PubMed ID: 10523031

DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.10.6070

PubMed ID: 18056632

Title: Signal sequence mutation in autosomal dominant form of hypoparathyroidism induces apoptosis that is corrected by a chemical chaperone.

PubMed ID: 18056632

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708725104

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 115
  • Mass: 12861
  • Checksum: 849015736A6E5597
  • Sequence:
    • MIPAKDMAKV MIVMLAICFL TKSDGKSVKK RSVSEIQLMH NLGKHLNSME RVEWLRKKLQ 
DVHNFVALGA PLAPRDAGSQ RPRKKEDNVL VESHEKSLGE ADKADVNVLT KAKSQ

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.