Details for: PRL

Gene ID: 5617

Symbol: PRL

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000172179

Description: prolactin

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Score score is uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0000071)
    Fold Change: 2.23
    Marker Score: 2241
  • Cell Name: conventional dendritic cell (CL0000990)
    Fold Change: 1.74
    Marker Score: 1200
  • Cell Name: goblet cell (CL0000160)
    Fold Change: 1.63
    Marker Score: 10812
  • Cell Name: enteric smooth muscle cell (CL0002504)
    Fold Change: 1.32
    Marker Score: 3095
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Marker Score: 7578
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 1.22
    Marker Score: 3654
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: 1.2
    Marker Score: 2279
  • Cell Name: granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell (CL0000557)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Marker Score: 729
  • Cell Name: absorptive cell (CL0000212)
    Fold Change: 1.06
    Marker Score: 32730
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 71837
  • Cell Name: forebrain radial glial cell (CL0013000)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 48062
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.95
    Marker Score: 2402
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 5329
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 665.5
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 1761
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 245
  • Cell Name: brush cell (CL0002204)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 736
  • Cell Name: Cajal-Retzius cell (CL0000695)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 399
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 461
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 507
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of large intestine (CL1000279)
    Fold Change: 0.76
    Marker Score: 286
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 0.75
    Marker Score: 1211
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: 0.73
    Marker Score: 2088
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.69
    Marker Score: 178
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.61
    Marker Score: 9605
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: 0.61
    Marker Score: 3655
  • Cell Name: common myeloid progenitor (CL0000049)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 147
  • Cell Name: intestinal enteroendocrine cell (CL1001516)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 436
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle myoblast (CL0000514)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 243
  • Cell Name: immature B cell (CL0000816)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 335.5
  • Cell Name: alpha-beta T cell (CL0000789)
    Fold Change: 0.48
    Marker Score: 361
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: 0.47
    Marker Score: 279
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: 0.44
    Marker Score: 251
  • Cell Name: mesothelial cell (CL0000077)
    Fold Change: 0.4
    Marker Score: 160
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 0.38
    Marker Score: 1660
  • Cell Name: double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000809)
    Fold Change: 0.31
    Marker Score: 605
  • Cell Name: mast cell (CL0000097)
    Fold Change: 0.29
    Marker Score: 167
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: 0.28
    Marker Score: 473
  • Cell Name: neuronal receptor cell (CL0000006)
    Fold Change: 0.28
    Marker Score: 122.5
  • Cell Name: neural progenitor cell (CL0011020)
    Fold Change: 0.27
    Marker Score: 1062
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: 0.27
    Marker Score: 112
  • Cell Name: pro-B cell (CL0000826)
    Fold Change: 0.24
    Marker Score: 228
  • Cell Name: mesodermal cell (CL0000222)
    Fold Change: 0.2
    Marker Score: 2670
  • Cell Name: tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell (CL0019019)
    Fold Change: 0.17
    Marker Score: 50
  • Cell Name: early lymphoid progenitor (CL0000936)
    Fold Change: 0.16
    Marker Score: 79
  • Cell Name: pericyte (CL0000669)
    Fold Change: 0.16
    Marker Score: 91
  • Cell Name: decidual natural killer cell, human (CL0002343)
    Fold Change: 0.15
    Marker Score: 409
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: 0.14
    Marker Score: 75
  • Cell Name: retinal cone cell (CL0000573)
    Fold Change: 0.13
    Marker Score: 372
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of small intestine (CL1000275)
    Fold Change: 0.13
    Marker Score: 33
  • Cell Name: neutrophil (CL0000775)
    Fold Change: 0.12
    Marker Score: 75
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of Cajal (CL0002088)
    Fold Change: 0.12
    Marker Score: 42
  • Cell Name: naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000900)
    Fold Change: 0.12
    Marker Score: 211
  • Cell Name: rod bipolar cell (CL0000751)
    Fold Change: 0.11
    Marker Score: 58
  • Cell Name: kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000849)
    Fold Change: 0.11
    Marker Score: 115
  • Cell Name: kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000838)
    Fold Change: 0.1
    Marker Score: 198.5
  • Cell Name: male germ cell (CL0000015)
    Fold Change: 0.08
    Marker Score: 23
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    Fold Change: 0.08
    Marker Score: 92
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: 0.08
    Marker Score: 84
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 112
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 789
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 698
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell (CL0000837)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 33
  • Cell Name: fraction A pre-pro B cell (CL0002045)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 66
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 264
  • Cell Name: group 3 innate lymphoid cell (CL0001071)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 24
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 58
  • Cell Name: Unknown (CL0002371)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 58
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 28
  • Cell Name: extravillous trophoblast (CL0008036)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 46
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 101
  • Cell Name: ganglion interneuron (CL0000397)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 15
  • Cell Name: vasa recta ascending limb cell (CL1001131)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 13
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000915)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 68
  • Cell Name: supporting cell (CL0000630)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 87
  • Cell Name: muscle cell (CL0000187)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 13
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of uterus (CL0009095)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 87
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 11
  • Cell Name: preosteoblast (CL0007010)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 12
  • Cell Name: effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000913)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 26
  • Cell Name: Mueller cell (CL0000636)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 58
  • Cell Name: kidney capillary endothelial cell (CL1000892)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 13
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 74
  • Cell Name: germ cell (CL0000586)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 70
  • Cell Name: renal alpha-intercalated cell (CL0005011)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 21
  • Cell Name: mature NK T cell (CL0000814)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 18
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001106)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 100
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 18
  • Cell Name: mononuclear cell (CL0000842)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 12
  • Cell Name: fast muscle cell (CL0000190)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 11
  • Cell Name: CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human (CL0001074)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 10
  • Cell Name: central nervous system macrophage (CL0000878)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 18
  • Cell Name: double negative thymocyte (CL0002489)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 48
  • Cell Name: renal beta-intercalated cell (CL0002201)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 11
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic precursor cell (CL0008001)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 12
  • Cell Name: common lymphoid progenitor (CL0000051)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 23
  • Cell Name: astrocyte (CL0000127)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 29
  • Cell Name: prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell (CL2000059)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 13
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell (CL0000192)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 22
  • Cell Name: innate lymphoid cell (CL0001065)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 12

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Other Information

## Summary Prolactin is a protein that plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes in humans. It is produced by various cell types, including blood vessel endothelial cells, conventional dendritic cells, goblet cells, enteric smooth muscle cells, neoplastic cells, and immune cells. Prolactin exerts its effects through various signaling pathways, including the Amyloid fiber formation pathway, Cell surface receptor signaling pathway, Cytokine signaling in the immune system, Female pregnancy, Growth hormone receptor signaling, Hormone activity, Immune system, Lactation, Mammary gland development, Metabolism of proteins, Negative regulation of angiogenesis, Negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation, Positive regulation of canonical nf-kappab signal transduction, Positive regulation of cell population proliferation, Positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via jak-stat, Prolactin receptor binding, Prolactin receptor signaling, Prolactin signaling pathway, Protein binding, Response to nutrient levels. ## Key characteristics * Prolactin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 28 kDa. * It is produced by both males and females. * It is secreted by pituitary gland. * Prolactin acts on various cell types. * It is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including milk production, reproduction, and metabolism. ## Pathways and functions * **Amyloid fiber formation pathway:** Prolactin stimulates the production of amyloid-beta peptides by brain cells, which are the main components of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. * **Cell surface receptor signaling pathway:** Prolactin binds to cell surface receptors, which activate intracellular signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. * **Cytokine signaling in the immune system:** Prolactin stimulates the production of prolactin by immune cells, which can then activate other immune cells and promote inflammation. * **Female pregnancy:** Prolactin is produced in high levels during pregnancy and helps to maintain uterine lining and prepare it for childbirth. * **Growth hormone receptor signaling:** Prolactin binds to the growth hormone receptor, which is expressed in cells throughout the body. This binding promotes cell growth and proliferation. * **Hormone activity:** Prolactin can act on target cells to regulate their activity. * **Immune system:** Prolactin is a key hormone in the regulation of the immune system. It stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines and promotes the differentiation of immune cells. * **Lactation:** Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland in response to the demand for milk by the infant. * **Mammary gland development:** Prolactin is essential for the development of the mammary gland in female mammals. * **Metabolic of proteins:** Prolactin can inhibit the proteolytic activity of trypsin, which is an enzyme that can break down proteins. This helps to maintain protein homeostasis. * **Negative regulation of angiogenesis:** Prolactin has anti-angiogenic effects, which helps to prevent the formation of new blood vessels. * **Negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation:** Prolactin inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells, which are cells that line blood vessels. * **Positive regulation of canonical nf-kappab signal transduction:** Prolactin activates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway, which is a major inflammatory pathway. * **Positive regulation of cell population proliferation:** Prolactin promotes the proliferation of various cell types, including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and immune cells. * **Positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via jak-stat:** Prolactin activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which is a major signaling pathway involved in cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. ## Clinical significance Prolactin plays a role in a variety of clinical conditions, including: * **Alzheimer's disease:** Prolactin is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. * **Breast cancer:** Prolactin can promote the growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells. * **Diabetes:** Prolactin levels are elevated in people with type 2 diabetes. * **Multiple sclerosis:** Prolactin may play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. * **Cancer:** Prolactin is a protein that is often overexpressed in cancer cells.

Genular Protein ID: 2252724801

Symbol: PRL_HUMAN

Name: Prolactin

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P01236 Q15199 Q92996

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BMRB 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CORUM 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 11 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 18 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 Genevisible 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 3 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 16 PDBsum 12 PIR 2 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 3 RefSeq 2 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UniProtKB 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 6260780

Title: Human prolactin. cDNA structural analysis and evolutionary comparisons.

PubMed ID: 6260780

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69558-x

PubMed ID: 6325171

Title: Isolation and characterization of the human prolactin gene.

PubMed ID: 6325171

DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01824.x

PubMed ID: 2050267

Title: A placenta-specific 5'non-coding exon of human prolactin.

PubMed ID: 2050267

DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90247-p

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 6146607

Title: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of DNA complementary to human decidual prolactin mRNA.

PubMed ID: 6146607

DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134757

PubMed ID: 9266104

Title: Expression of the prolactin gene in normal and neoplastic human breast tissues and human mammary cell lines: promoter usage and alternative mRNA splicing.

PubMed ID: 9266104

DOI: 10.1023/a:1005879103367

PubMed ID: 925136

Title: Human pituitary prolactin (hPRL): the entire linear amino acid sequence.

PubMed ID: 925136

DOI: 10.1210/jcem-45-5-1112

PubMed ID: 1126929

Title: High sensitivity automated sequence determination of polypeptides.

PubMed ID: 1126929

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41443-9

PubMed ID: 15687336

Title: Immunoglobulin G subclasses and prolactin (PRL) isoforms in macroprolactinemia due to anti-PRL autoantibodies.

PubMed ID: 15687336

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1600

PubMed ID: 12729745

Title: The tertiary structure and backbone dynamics of human prolactin.

PubMed ID: 12729745

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00367-x

PubMed ID: 16045928

Title: Solution structure of human prolactin.

PubMed ID: 16045928

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.042

PubMed ID: 17785459

Title: Structural and thermodynamic bases for the design of pure prolactin receptor antagonists: X-ray structure of Del1-9-G129R-hPRL.

PubMed ID: 17785459

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704364200

PubMed ID: 18467331

Title: Crystal structure of a prolactin receptor antagonist bound to the extracellular domain of the prolactin receptor.

PubMed ID: 18467331

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801202200

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 227
  • Mass: 25876
  • Checksum: 952BBA1B6A955527
  • Sequence:
    • MNIKGSPWKG SLLLLLVSNL LLCQSVAPLP ICPGGAARCQ VTLRDLFDRA VVLSHYIHNL 
SSEMFSEFDK RYTHGRGFIT KAINSCHTSS LATPEDKEQA QQMNQKDFLS LIVSILRSWN 
EPLYHLVTEV RGMQEAPEAI LSKAVEIEEQ TKRLLEGMEL IVSQVHPETK ENEIYPVWSG 
LPSLQMADEE SRLSAYYNLL HCLRRDSHKI DNYLKLLKCR IIHNNNC

Genular Protein ID: 95925741

Symbol: Q5I0G2_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q5I0G2

Database IDs:

ARBA 7 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 2 ChiTaRS 1 DNASU 1 EMBL 5 Ensembl 2 GO 4 Gene3D 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 InterPro 3 MassIVE 1 MaxQB 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 1 PIRSR 1 PRINTS 1 PROSITE 2 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 Proteomes 2 RefSeq 2 RuleBase 1 SAM 1 SUPFAM 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 14574404

Title: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.

PubMed ID: 14574404

DOI: 10.1038/nature02055

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 26697363

Title: Third party data gene data set of eutherian growth hormone genes.

PubMed ID: 26697363

DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.09.007

PubMed ID: 26862561

Title: Curated eutherian third party data gene data sets.

PubMed ID: 26862561

DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.11.056

Title: Eutherian third-party data gene collections.

DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100414

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 228
  • Mass: 25947
  • Checksum: C592E517CE186E42
  • Sequence:
    • MNIKGSPWKA GSLLLLLVSN LLLCQSVAPL PICPGGAARC QVTLRDLFDR AVVLSHYIHN 
LSSEMFSEFD KRYTHGRGFI TKAINSCHTS SLATPEDKEQ AQQMNQKDFL SLIVSILRSW 
NEPLYHLVTE VRGMQEAPEA ILSKAVEIEE QTKRLLEGME LIVSQVHPET KENEIYPVWS 
GLPSLQMADE ESRLSAYYNL LHCLRRDSHK IDNYLKLLKC RIIHNNNC

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. For the full schema, download it here.