Details for: GCG

Gene ID: 2641

Symbol: GCG

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000115263

Description: glucagon

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas (CL1001433)
    Fold Change: 41.6159
    Cell Significance Index: 20.9000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: 14.3033
    Cell Significance Index: 1632.7100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 3.7503
    Cell Significance Index: 61.8000
  • Cell Name: PP cell (CL0000696)
    Fold Change: 2.1808
    Cell Significance Index: 22.1700
  • Cell Name: hepatic stellate cell (CL0000632)
    Fold Change: 2.0911
    Cell Significance Index: 21.5700
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: 0.9140
    Cell Significance Index: 18.9600
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.6447
    Cell Significance Index: 18.5800
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.5648
    Cell Significance Index: 107.4800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.5488
    Cell Significance Index: 89.2500
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.5013
    Cell Significance Index: 54.5300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.4919
    Cell Significance Index: 10.4800
  • Cell Name: acinar cell (CL0000622)
    Fold Change: 0.4188
    Cell Significance Index: 5.2600
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.3210
    Cell Significance Index: 289.8600
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: 0.3072
    Cell Significance Index: 3.8900
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.2849
    Cell Significance Index: 19.7100
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.2810
    Cell Significance Index: 16.8700
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2666
    Cell Significance Index: 26.3700
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 0.1739
    Cell Significance Index: 2.6200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic epsilon cell (CL0005019)
    Fold Change: 0.1425
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.0864
    Cell Significance Index: 14.7500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 0.0810
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3900
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.0375
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: 0.0347
    Cell Significance Index: 21.6900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: 0.0219
    Cell Significance Index: 4.6100
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.0097
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: 0.0096
    Cell Significance Index: 7.1000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: 0.0053
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6100
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0013
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0109
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5500
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0114
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4700
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.0123
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3000
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0127
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4500
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.0150
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1600
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0190
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5100
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0209
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1900
  • Cell Name: P/D1 enteroendocrine cell (CL0002268)
    Fold Change: -0.0223
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.0266
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6300
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0277
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8100
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0309
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9900
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0313
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0333
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8800
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: -0.0354
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4900
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.0376
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: type L enteroendocrine cell (CL0002279)
    Fold Change: -0.0412
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3000
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.0436
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1100
  • Cell Name: mesangial cell (CL0000650)
    Fold Change: -0.0537
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: -0.0538
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0643
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0696
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6800
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0850
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7700
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of small intestine (CL0009080)
    Fold Change: -0.0892
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9000
  • Cell Name: intestinal enteroendocrine cell (CL1001516)
    Fold Change: -0.0902
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7300
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.0941
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic stellate cell (CL0002410)
    Fold Change: -0.0953
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.1029
    Cell Significance Index: -2.9500
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.1048
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7600
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell (CL0011026)
    Fold Change: -0.1054
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell (CL0000164)
    Fold Change: -0.1059
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: syncytiotrophoblast cell (CL0000525)
    Fold Change: -0.1084
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0300
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.1110
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5900
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.1189
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3700
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.1232
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6300
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1238
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3100
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.1264
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1200
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.1281
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2000
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    Fold Change: -0.1284
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: -0.1308
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3800
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.1309
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1700
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.1323
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1900
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: -0.1352
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1900
  • Cell Name: mucous neck cell (CL0000651)
    Fold Change: -0.1386
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: squamous epithelial cell (CL0000076)
    Fold Change: -0.1430
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7400
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000810)
    Fold Change: -0.1433
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4700
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.1441
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1600
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: -0.1608
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5500
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.1640
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6800
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.1696
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2300
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: -0.1748
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8100
  • Cell Name: endocrine cell (CL0000163)
    Fold Change: -0.1771
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1400
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.1796
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8800
  • Cell Name: cytotoxic T cell (CL0000910)
    Fold Change: -0.1798
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6200
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.1988
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract (CL0002632)
    Fold Change: -0.2059
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2900
  • Cell Name: neuroplacodal cell (CL0000032)
    Fold Change: -0.2087
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5700
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.2107
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2300
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.2109
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1500
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.2115
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1800
  • Cell Name: photoreceptor cell (CL0000210)
    Fold Change: -0.2150
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: -0.2179
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.2181
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2200
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: -0.2184
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2700
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: -0.2214
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0100
  • Cell Name: chromaffin cell (CL0000166)
    Fold Change: -0.2251
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4800
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.2260
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7300
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.2280
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte (CL0000584)
    Fold Change: -0.2289
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4200
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: -0.2334
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0200
  • Cell Name: cell of skeletal muscle (CL0000188)
    Fold Change: -0.2339
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0000
  • Cell Name: taste receptor cell (CL0000209)
    Fold Change: -0.2370
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7600
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.2377
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6400

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** Glucagon is a member of the secretin family of peptides, characterized by its ability to bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. The GCG gene encodes for the pro-glucagon precursor, which is processed into several biologically active peptides, including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Glucagon is a heterodimeric protein composed of two polypeptide chains, A and B, which are linked by a disulfide bond. **Pathways and Functions:** Glucagon's primary function is to regulate glucose homeostasis by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. This process involves the activation of adenylate cyclase, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that increases intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Elevated cAMP levels activate protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates and activates key enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Additionally, glucagon has a negative feedback effect on insulin secretion, making it a crucial component of the glucose-lowering response. Glucagon's signaling pathways also involve the activation of Gαs and Gαq proteins, which stimulate the production of cAMP and phospholipase C, respectively. These pathways are essential for regulating glucose metabolism and maintaining energy homeostasis. Furthermore, glucagon has been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, making it a key regulator of glucose metabolism. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of glucagon signaling has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Elevated glucagon levels have been associated with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, while decreased glucagon levels have been linked to hypoglycemia and impaired glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, which mimic the action of glucagon, have been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, glucagon has been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome, due to its ability to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. In conclusion, glucagon plays a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and metabolic regulation, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various metabolic disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying glucagon signaling and its clinical significance in human disease.

Genular Protein ID: 555492140

Symbol: GLUC_HUMAN

Name: Pro-glucagon

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P01275 A6NN65 Q53TP6

Database IDs:

ABCD 1 AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 6 EMDB 9 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 GO 28 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 2 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 37 PDBsum 37 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 7 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2901414

Title: Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain.

PubMed ID: 2901414

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68261-4

PubMed ID: 3725587

Title: Structure of the human glucagon gene.

PubMed ID: 3725587

DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.12.4719

PubMed ID: 6877358

Title: Exon duplication and divergence in the human preproglucagon gene.

PubMed ID: 6877358

DOI: 10.1038/304368a0

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 11946536

Title: The amino acid sequence of human glucagon.

PubMed ID: 11946536

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80192-3

PubMed ID: 2753890

Title: Complete sequences of glucagon-like peptide-1 from human and pig small intestine.

PubMed ID: 2753890

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51561-1

PubMed ID: 8482423

Title: Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable.

PubMed ID: 8482423

DOI: 10.2337/diab.42.5.658

PubMed ID: 14557443

Title: Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans.

PubMed ID: 14557443

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030421

PubMed ID: 14632334

Title: Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants.

PubMed ID: 14632334

DOI: 10.1080/08035250310000514

PubMed ID: 9287128

Title: Role of the prohormone convertase PC2 in the processing of proglucagon to glucagon.

PubMed ID: 9287128

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00892-2

PubMed ID: 12651102

Title: Expression, purification, and PC1-mediated processing of human proglucagon, glicentin, and major proglucagon fragment.

PubMed ID: 12651102

DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00653-8

PubMed ID: 10605628

Title: The glucagon-like peptides.

PubMed ID: 10605628

DOI: 10.1210/edrv.20.6.0385

PubMed ID: 10322410

Title: Glucagon-like peptide 2.

PubMed ID: 10322410

DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(98)00136-2

PubMed ID: 12626323

Title: Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism.

PubMed ID: 12626323

DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00492.2002

PubMed ID: 14719035

Title: Direct and indirect mechanisms regulating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2.

PubMed ID: 14719035

DOI: 10.1139/y03-107

PubMed ID: 12554744

Title: Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

PubMed ID: 12554744

DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0306

PubMed ID: 22037645

Title: Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L cells and alpha cells.

PubMed ID: 22037645

DOI: 10.1038/nm.2513

PubMed ID: 9667960

Title: Structure-function studies on positions 17, 18, and 21 replacement analogues of glucagon: the importance of charged residues and salt bridges in glucagon biological activity.

PubMed ID: 9667960

DOI: 10.1021/jm980084a

PubMed ID: 11943215

Title: NMR studies of the aggregation of glucagon-like peptide-1: formation of a symmetric helical dimer.

PubMed ID: 11943215

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02466-3

PubMed ID: 12627948

Title: NMR solution structure of the glucagon antagonist [desHis1, desPhe6, Glu9]glucagon amide in the presence of perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine micelles.

PubMed ID: 12627948

DOI: 10.1021/bi026629r

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 180
  • Mass: 20909
  • Checksum: 7A99EEC629B2862C
  • Sequence:
    • MKSIYFVAGL FVMLVQGSWQ RSLQDTEEKS RSFSASQADP LSDPDQMNED KRHSQGTFTS 
DYSKYLDSRR AQDFVQWLMN TKRNRNNIAK RHDEFERHAE GTFTSDVSSY LEGQAAKEFI 
AWLVKGRGRR DFPEEVAIVE ELGRRHADGS FSDEMNTILD NLAARDFINW LIQTKITDRK

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.