Details for: POLD4

Gene ID: 57804

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: POLD4

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000175482

Description: DNA polymerase delta 4, accessory subunit

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 53.68
    rCSI 41.36%
    PRS 65.38
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 49.08
    rCSI 36.64%
    PRS 80.73
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 47.86
    rCSI 50.14%
    PRS 61.01
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 31.06
    rCSI 27%
    PRS 75.37
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 30.62
    rCSI 49.38%
    PRS 67.58
  • naive B cell CL0000788
    CSI 30.25
    rCSI 25.95%
    PRS 72.2
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 27.48
    rCSI 89.12%
    PRS 64.45
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 27.26
    rCSI 24.83%
    PRS 78.87
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 21.91
    rCSI 29.12%
    PRS 71.07
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 21.66
    rCSI 19.99%
    PRS 66.13
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 20.33
    rCSI 21.24%
    PRS 62.63
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 19.08
    rCSI 28.79%
    PRS 69.08
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 18.3
    rCSI 17.65%
    PRS 55.51
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 18.07
    rCSI 13.42%
    PRS 77.93
  • microglial cell CL0000129
    CSI 18
    rCSI 72.44%
    PRS 68.54
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 16.78
    rCSI 31.5%
    PRS 78.26
  • pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell CL0002063
    CSI 16.24
    rCSI 25.19%
    PRS 71.72
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 16.05
    rCSI 14.25%
    PRS 62.52
  • conventional dendritic cell CL0000990
    CSI 15.17
    rCSI 12.66%
    PRS 73.74
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 14.75
    rCSI 18.35%
    PRS 66.25
  • germinal center B cell CL0000844
    CSI 14.18
    rCSI 42.3%
    PRS 80.54
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 13.46
    rCSI 11.33%
    PRS 81.22
  • endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138
    CSI 13.25
    rCSI 26.25%
    PRS 77.4
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 13.11
    rCSI 12.39%
    PRS 63.99
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 13.08
    rCSI 18.75%
    PRS 67.62
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 12.95
    rCSI 15.51%
    PRS 80.2
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 12.94
    rCSI 25.16%
    PRS 67.61
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 12.85
    rCSI 9.65%
    PRS 70.25
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 12.34
    rCSI 13.11%
    PRS 74.09
  • memory B cell CL0000787
    CSI 11.93
    rCSI 11.78%
    PRS 85.74
  • activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000896
    CSI 11.22
    rCSI 10.37%
    PRS 83.31
  • non-classical monocyte CL0000875
    CSI 10.41
    rCSI 16.69%
    PRS 84.2
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 9.85
    rCSI 8.16%
    PRS 67.05
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 9.55
    rCSI 14.6%
    PRS 68.84
  • naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000895
    CSI 9.55
    rCSI 12%
    PRS 88.39
  • colon goblet cell CL0009039
    CSI 9
    rCSI 21.4%
    PRS 73.07
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 8.77
    rCSI 12.84%
    PRS 60.22
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 8.47
    rCSI 24.18%
    PRS 75.49
  • foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179
    CSI 8.26
    rCSI 17.59%
    PRS 75.14
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 8.24
    rCSI 9.55%
    PRS 72.02
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 7.98
    rCSI 11.77%
    PRS 79.75
  • dendritic cell CL0000451
    CSI 7.97
    rCSI 9.83%
    PRS 77.01
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 7.96
    rCSI 10.22%
    PRS 69.37
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 7.86
    rCSI 5.46%
    PRS 75.76
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 7.83
    rCSI 17.09%
    PRS 77.14
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 7.79
    rCSI 13.35%
    PRS 73.1
  • B cell CL0000236
    CSI 7.68
    rCSI 10.27%
    PRS 81.14
  • T follicular helper cell CL0002038
    CSI 7.14
    rCSI 5.34%
    PRS 79.67
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 7.02
    rCSI 8.43%
    PRS 62.75
  • CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human CL0000939
    CSI 6.97
    rCSI 4.65%
    PRS 83.22
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 6.82
    rCSI 6.26%
    PRS 73.62
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 6.79
    rCSI 5.96%
    PRS 70.09
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 6.77
    rCSI 8.43%
    PRS 75.23
  • mature NK T cell CL0000814
    CSI 6.68
    rCSI 8.54%
    PRS 84.03
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 6.63
    rCSI 9.03%
    PRS 56.24
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 6.62
    rCSI 3.91%
    PRS 81.75
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 6.59
    rCSI 4.73%
    PRS 78.7
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 6.57
    rCSI 8.27%
    PRS 76.56
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 6.55
    rCSI 8.22%
    PRS 75.05
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 6.49
    rCSI 16.47%
    PRS 58.7
  • myeloid cell CL0000763
    CSI 6.48
    rCSI 26.69%
    PRS 75
  • naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000900
    CSI 6.28
    rCSI 4.41%
    PRS 82.29
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 6.19
    rCSI 9.78%
    PRS 67.1
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 6.13
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 69.6
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 6.01
    rCSI 4.89%
    PRS 64.93
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 5.96
    rCSI 8.26%
    PRS 65.13
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 5.93
    rCSI 13.45%
    PRS 68.09
  • CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human CL0000938
    CSI 5.77
    rCSI 4.33%
    PRS 88.9
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 5.76
    rCSI 5.66%
    PRS 80.24
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 5.63
    rCSI 13.44%
    PRS 72.77
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 5.59
    rCSI 8.54%
    PRS 79.7
  • enteroendocrine cell of colon CL0009042
    CSI 5.45
    rCSI 25.53%
    PRS 80.29
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 5.43
    rCSI 5.67%
    PRS 64.98
  • lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043
    CSI 5.43
    rCSI 12.18%
    PRS 80.98
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 5.42
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 72.14
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 5.37
    rCSI 7.71%
    PRS 54.19
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 5.32
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 79.8
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 5.27
    rCSI 4.64%
    PRS 52.57
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 5.01
    rCSI 5.16%
    PRS 80.58
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 5.01
    rCSI 6.82%
    PRS 75.92
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 5.01
    rCSI 6.05%
    PRS 73.43
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 4.98
    rCSI 11.69%
    PRS 68.69
  • plasma cell CL0000786
    CSI 4.91
    rCSI 6.44%
    PRS 87.41
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 8.07%
    PRS 69.93
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL0000784
    CSI 4.89
    rCSI 4.95%
    PRS 88.22
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 4.84
    rCSI 4.06%
    PRS 68.68
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 8.31%
    PRS 77.32
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 4.49
    rCSI 19.74%
    PRS 54.74
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 4.34
    rCSI 5.97%
    PRS 83.22
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 4.31
    rCSI 12.37%
    PRS 83.9
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 4.24
    rCSI 5.06%
    PRS 83.5
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 4.13
    rCSI 2.88%
    PRS 67.36
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 4.11
    rCSI 6.28%
    PRS 73.83
  • late pro-B cell CL0002048
    CSI 4.09
    rCSI 10.25%
    PRS 86.56
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 4.04
    rCSI 4.19%
    PRS 70.41
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 4
    rCSI 3.94%
    PRS 67.38
  • effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905
    CSI 3.91
    rCSI 5.33%
    PRS 87.48
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 2.96%
    PRS 77.68
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 3.86
    rCSI 9.44%
    PRS 57.77
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 3.86
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 64.1
  • epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 80.0%
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 73.3%
  • bronchiolar smooth muscle cell CL4033017
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 80.0%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 50.5%
  • CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell CL0000915
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 89.4%
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 72.6%
  • myelocyte CL0002193
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 4.5%
    PRS 87.9%
  • colon macrophage CL0009038
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 82.3%
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 62.8%
  • metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage CL4033042
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 82.9%
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 76.3%
  • hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 81.9%
  • luminal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002340
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 76.0%
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 73.0%
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 77.3%
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 76.5%
  • intraepithelial lymphocyte CL0002496
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 90.5%
  • platelet CL0000233
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 67.0%
  • renal beta-intercalated cell CL0002201
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 65.2%
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 85.0%
  • group 2 innate lymphoid cell CL0001069
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 7.1%
    PRS 90.1%
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 61.6%
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 64.5%
  • luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002326
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 79.2%
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 77.8%
  • lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033039
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 87.6%
  • B-2 B cell CL0000822
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 34.9%
    PRS 89.1%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 10.1%
    PRS 82.1%
  • small intestine goblet cell CL1000495
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 72.4%
  • activated type II NK T cell CL0000931
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 80.8%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 55.0%
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 73.8%
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 73.7%
  • common lymphoid progenitor CL0000051
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 84.3%
  • basophil CL0000767
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 81.1%
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 68.0%
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 75.0%
  • double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000809
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 76.9%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 16.5%
    PRS 57.9%
  • B-1 B cell CL0000819
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 52.5%
    PRS 90.2%
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 76.7%
  • fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 82.2%
  • vein endothelial cell of respiratory system CL4033008
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 14.4%
    PRS 76.8%
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human CL0001049
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 81.7%
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 85.0%
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 68.1%
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 76.2%
  • CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000920
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 81.2%
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 4.5%
    PRS 75.1%
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 81.9%
  • mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 5.6%
    PRS 68.6%
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 61.1%
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 11.4%
    PRS 76.2%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 64.5%
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 77.5%
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 12.2%
    PRS 76.6%
  • brush cell CL0002204
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 5.6%
    PRS 79.8%
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 70.5%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 72.5%
  • paneth cell of colon CL0009009
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 28.4%
    PRS 80.2%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 15.0%
    PRS 77.2%
  • regulatory T cell CL0000815
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 73.6%
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 66.2%
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 67.1%
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 66.8%
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 78.1%
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 66.1%
  • respiratory goblet cell CL0002370
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 37.6%
    PRS 78.5%
  • basal cell of epithelium of trachea CL1000348
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 24.7%
    PRS 77.8%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 69.7%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 77.9%
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 71.4%
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 67.7%
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 78.3%
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 64.1%
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 9.4%
    PRS 57.8%
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 77.7%
  • effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 87.5%
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 67.4%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 70.4%
  • late pro-B cell CL0002048
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 10.3%
    PRS 86.6%
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 73.8%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 67.4%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 83.5%
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 12.4%
    PRS 83.9%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 83.2%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 4.5
    rCSI 19.7%
    PRS 54.7%
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 8.3%
    PRS 77.3%
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 4.8
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 68.7%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL0000784
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 88.2%
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 8.1%
    PRS 69.9%
  • plasma cell CL0000786
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 87.4%
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 11.7%
    PRS 68.7%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 73.4%
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 6.8%
    PRS 75.9%
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 80.6%
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 52.6%
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 79.8%
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 5.4
    rCSI 7.7%
    PRS 54.2%
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 5.4
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 72.1%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) encodes DNA polymerase delta 4, a non-catalytic accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase delta (Pol-δ) complex. This complex is central to eukaryotic DNA replication and repair. The primary function of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is to modulate the activity and fidelity of the Pol-δ holoenzyme, which is essential for processive DNA synthesis, particularly during lagging strand synthesis and various DNA repair pathways ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m600322200), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1021/bi100042b)). Expression data indicates that **Overall**, [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is a significant gene in cell types characterized by high proliferative activity or the need for robust genome maintenance. This includes immune cells such as [CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte](/details-cell/CL0002396) and [class switched memory B cell](/details-cell/CL0000972), as well as epithelial cells from tissues with high turnover rates, like [colon epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0011108). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) highlights its fundamental role in maintaining genomic integrity across diverse, actively dividing cell populations. **Overall**, its significance is highest in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The top-ranked cell type, [CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte](/details-cell/CL0002396) (CSI: 53.68), is a pro-inflammatory subset, suggesting a potential role for [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) in supporting the cellular responses to inflammatory signals. High significance is also observed across the B cell lineage, including [class switched memory B cell](/details-cell/CL0000972), [mature B cell](/details-cell/CL0000785), and [naive B cell](/details-cell/CL0000788), which is consistent with the extensive DNA replication and repair required during clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Its notable expression in [effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell](/details-cell/CL0000913) further supports its importance in lymphocyte biology. Beyond the immune system, [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is highly significant in tissues with rapid cellular turnover. It is a key gene in [colon epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0011108) and [enterocyte](/details-cell/CL0000584), cell types that undergo constant renewal and are exposed to potential DNA-damaging agents. Its expression in [stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000034) underscores its critical role in the foundational process of self-renewal and differentiation. This broad but specific expression pattern suggests that [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is a crucial workhorse for any cell type that places high demands on its DNA replication and repair machinery. ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functionally, [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is an integral component of the [delta DNA polymerase complex](/details-cell/GO0043625), contributing to its overall [DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity](/details-cell/GO0003887). The extensive list of associated Reactome pathways underscores its central role in nearly all aspects of genome maintenance. The gene is deeply involved in core processes of [DNA replication](/details-cell/R-HSA-69306), including progression through the [S phase](/details-cell/R-HSA-69242), [leading strand synthesis](/details-cell/R-HSA-69109), and especially [lagging strand synthesis](/details-cell/R-HSA-69186), which requires repeated initiation and elongation of Okazaki fragments. It also plays a role in specialized replication processes like the [extension of telomeres](/details-cell/R-HSA-180786), critical for cellular longevity. Furthermore, [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) is implicated in a comprehensive array of [DNA repair](/details-cell/R-HSA-73894) mechanisms. These include [Base excision repair (BER)](/details-cell/R-HSA-73884), [Nucleotide excision repair (NER)](/details-cell/R-HSA-5696398), [Mismatch repair (MMR)](/details-cell/R-HSA-5358508), and the repair of catastrophic lesions via [homology directed repair (HDR)](/details-cell/R-HSA-5693538). This functional profile aligns perfectly with its high expression in cells like lymphocytes and intestinal epithelium, which must maintain high genomic fidelity despite rapid proliferation and exposure to genotoxic stress. Several studies have detailed the dynamic regulation of this subunit, noting its degradation in response to DNA damage, which alters the Pol-δ complex to a more discerning form ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m610356200), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn1000)). ## Research Directions The widespread importance of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) in DNA metabolism, combined with its specific expression patterns in highly proliferative cells, suggests several avenues for future research. While its general function is established, its specific regulatory roles in different cellular contexts remain to be fully elucidated. ### Proposed Hypotheses 1. **Role in Immune Cell Fidelity:** The high significance of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) in [class switched memory B cell](/details-cell/CL0000972) suggests it does more than support proliferation. We hypothesize that the level of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) expression is a key determinant of the fidelity of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in B cells. Lower levels of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) may lead to a higher mutation rate or an increase in aberrant recombination events, impacting the quality of the antibody response. 2. **A Sentinel in Gut Homeostasis and Cancer:** Given its high expression in [colon epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0011108), [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) may act as a critical gatekeeper against colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that downregulation or inactivating mutations in [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) in intestinal stem cells could be an early event in tumorigenesis, leading to increased genomic instability and a higher susceptibility to transformation upon exposure to dietary or microbial mutagens. ### Experimental Approach To test the second hypothesis regarding its role as a gatekeeper in colon cancer, a robust experimental plan could be implemented. One could generate conditional knockout mice where *Pold4* is specifically deleted in the intestinal epithelium (e.g., using a Villin-Cre driver). These mice, along with wild-type littermates, would be subjected to an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) colitis-associated cancer model. Tumor incidence, size, and burden would be compared between genotypes. Intestinal crypts from these mice could be isolated to assess rates of mutation, DNA damage (via γ-H2AX staining), and overall genomic instability (via spectral karyotyping). This in vivo approach would directly test the necessity of [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) in preventing tumorigenesis in a physiologically relevant context. ### Therapeutic Potential As a crucial component of the DNA replication machinery, [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) represents a compelling target for anti-cancer therapeutics. The strategy would focus on **inhibition**. Cancer cells are defined by their rapid proliferation and are often deficient in other DNA repair pathways, making them highly dependent on the remaining machinery—a concept known as non-oncogene addiction. A small molecule inhibitor targeting [POLD4](/details-gene/57804) or its interaction with the Pol-δ complex could selectively kill cancer cells by inducing replication catastrophe. Such an agent could have potent monotherapeutic effects or act synergistically with DNA-damaging agents like platinum-based chemotherapies or PARP inhibitors, representing a promising synthetic lethality strategy.

Genular Protein ID: 172742314

Symbol: DPOD4_HUMAN

Name: DNA polymerase delta subunit 4

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 10751307

Title: Identification of a fourth subunit of mammalian DNA polymerase delta.

PubMed ID: 10751307

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001217200

PubMed ID: 16554811

Title: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification.

PubMed ID: 16554811

DOI: 10.1038/nature04632

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 12403614

Title: Reconstitution and characterization of the human DNA polymerase delta four-subunit holoenzyme.

PubMed ID: 12403614

DOI: 10.1021/bi0262707

PubMed ID: 12522211

Title: Identification of a novel protein, PDIP38, that interacts with the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

PubMed ID: 12522211

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208694200

PubMed ID: 15670210

Title: Human Werner helicase interacting protein 1 (WRNIP1) functions as a novel modulator for DNA polymerase delta.

PubMed ID: 15670210

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2004.00812.x

PubMed ID: 16934752

Title: The p66 and p12 subunits of DNA polymerase delta are modified by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins.

PubMed ID: 16934752

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.049

PubMed ID: 16510448

Title: Functional roles of p12, the fourth subunit of human DNA polymerase delta.

PubMed ID: 16510448

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600322200

PubMed ID: 17317665

Title: A novel DNA damage response: rapid degradation of the p12 subunit of dna polymerase delta.

PubMed ID: 17317665

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610356200

PubMed ID: 19074196

Title: DNA damage alters DNA polymerase delta to a form that exhibits increased discrimination against modified template bases and mismatched primers.

PubMed ID: 19074196

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn1000

PubMed ID: 20334433

Title: The p12 subunit of human polymerase delta modulates the rate and fidelity of DNA synthesis.

PubMed ID: 20334433

DOI: 10.1021/bi100042b

PubMed ID: 22801543

Title: Spatiotemporal recruitment of human DNA polymerase delta to sites of UV damage.

PubMed ID: 22801543

DOI: 10.4161/cc.21280

PubMed ID: 24035200

Title: Dynamics of enzymatic interactions during short flap human Okazaki fragment processing by two forms of human DNA polymerase delta.

PubMed ID: 24035200

DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.08.008

PubMed ID: 23233665

Title: Identification of RNF8 as a ubiquitin ligase involved in targeting the p12 subunit of DNA polymerase delta for degradation in response to DNA damage.

PubMed ID: 23233665

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423392

PubMed ID: 23913683

Title: A novel function of CRL4(Cdt2): regulation of the subunit structure of DNA polymerase delta in response to DNA damage and during the S phase.

PubMed ID: 23913683

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490466

PubMed ID: 24022480

Title: Degradation of p12 subunit by CRL4Cdt2 E3 ligase inhibits fork progression after DNA damage.

PubMed ID: 24022480

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.505586

PubMed ID: 24300032

Title: The tail that wags the dog: p12, the smallest subunit of DNA polymerase delta, is degraded by ubiquitin ligases in response to DNA damage and during cell cycle progression.

PubMed ID: 24300032

DOI: 10.4161/cc.27407

PubMed ID: 24310611

Title: Break-induced replication repair of damaged forks induces genomic duplications in human cells.

PubMed ID: 24310611

DOI: 10.1126/science.1243211

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 107
  • Mass: 12433
  • Checksum: 6F412738E4D9A19C
  • Sequence:
  • MGRKRLITDS YPVVKRREGP AGHSKGELAP ELGEEPQPRD EEEAELELLR QFDLAWQYGP 
    CTGITRLQRW CRAKQMGLEP PPEVWQVLKT HPGDPRFQCS LWHLYPL

Genular Protein ID: 2308432971

Symbol: Q6NSD7_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 107
  • Mass: 12442
  • Checksum: 79034308E4D9A19C
  • Sequence:
  • MGRKRLITDS YPVVKRREGP AGHSKGELAP ELGEEPQPRD EEEAELELLR QFDLAWQYGP 
    CTGITRLQRW CRAKHMGLEP PPEVWQVLKT HPGDPRFQCS LWHLYPL